tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5702388321785046212024-03-14T08:10:35.067-07:00World Informationachiyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07460976521998987301noreply@blogger.comBlogger358125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-11203195021422692152011-11-20T02:10:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.793-08:00Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #595959; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Photos Of Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011</span></b><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #595959; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlHUjzzLoVJDu_pmckmXwP5j0wa7Btdemcri60i6BcOm9lz6RWL_nfHErumDSXT6Jkp5JQqa0ezlmg1Q4hGKyyKDjo4-CxNMjpSKiIPQy35p3tZryvV28xx8QM0Off4d_O34_ooS51XJ1C/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlHUjzzLoVJDu_pmckmXwP5j0wa7Btdemcri60i6BcOm9lz6RWL_nfHErumDSXT6Jkp5JQqa0ezlmg1Q4hGKyyKDjo4-CxNMjpSKiIPQy35p3tZryvV28xx8QM0Off4d_O34_ooS51XJ1C/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkVHyfeP05njLH_Luuje6C4fJj_jcXAUZICnY-uaCIjLDBJJwM7SlUtViX2USQO74oQGySBk6zgTzEZRX3m6vB6qkbKca7roRTNMaL_zjDnBVOYb6SLuZvko3BxwUy22k-Y0MpNJ0-Y0F/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkVHyfeP05njLH_Luuje6C4fJj_jcXAUZICnY-uaCIjLDBJJwM7SlUtViX2USQO74oQGySBk6zgTzEZRX3m6vB6qkbKca7roRTNMaL_zjDnBVOYb6SLuZvko3BxwUy22k-Y0MpNJ0-Y0F/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25281%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJ00hG7TcUDTOdHhUeB8-h1ReI-quxSXiPE8k2rzbAbIAfu5tfVxopAr_Tzn6gjBzCixtNoDoW_T2q2cm4w11hfJw_nDDSpx92O1IlA152jsj-8-A59Voht6EYaa8kmJ3KevqP2JcVQ47/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJ00hG7TcUDTOdHhUeB8-h1ReI-quxSXiPE8k2rzbAbIAfu5tfVxopAr_Tzn6gjBzCixtNoDoW_T2q2cm4w11hfJw_nDDSpx92O1IlA152jsj-8-A59Voht6EYaa8kmJ3KevqP2JcVQ47/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25282%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr4Gy8RZAfj4sy7xIum6-VwDa9qwQvN6-IXz58QMnd2jnVOySFgkF3u0UdG-QH8ZGppvtIyI2FbiYvas3u1CkEiMPmGwKZzjs8G0GP4Tca0gWiGG8QTmQWWNnt-MxPwE7zM5om3gIs2CQo/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr4Gy8RZAfj4sy7xIum6-VwDa9qwQvN6-IXz58QMnd2jnVOySFgkF3u0UdG-QH8ZGppvtIyI2FbiYvas3u1CkEiMPmGwKZzjs8G0GP4Tca0gWiGG8QTmQWWNnt-MxPwE7zM5om3gIs2CQo/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25283%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeK29bUXKDhVeZvXortwzEmBpPxLeeeSAz23xRPWUhMP1OT4o-Mjaa_eMUac6v5pP-Qlnfnc1Qs_lsS-t6rUwKhI2hop1xjTn1h9uonn70uQfGnMd2WpGGYwtsQEQvym0a-EDoFzP70sRG/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeK29bUXKDhVeZvXortwzEmBpPxLeeeSAz23xRPWUhMP1OT4o-Mjaa_eMUac6v5pP-Qlnfnc1Qs_lsS-t6rUwKhI2hop1xjTn1h9uonn70uQfGnMd2WpGGYwtsQEQvym0a-EDoFzP70sRG/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25284%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://gulte.com/movieupdate_images/1307018777_movie_news_58th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20South%202010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="400" src="http://gulte.com/movieupdate_images/1307018777_movie_news_58th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20South%202010.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtifkIcaBMClHV2RvciEPBR8rLMsKtk76EYBhM4I6m7DhFPFNqUCDuOpgyVQnRNRq6qdldSDgrGGMK6Cbgg3PQwqPMPRig2Lfperdj0msyBX2gF__5ajRUXE0NsuEzIITzJE9Vnotn1ElO/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #269ad6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtifkIcaBMClHV2RvciEPBR8rLMsKtk76EYBhM4I6m7DhFPFNqUCDuOpgyVQnRNRq6qdldSDgrGGMK6Cbgg3PQwqPMPRig2Lfperdj0msyBX2gF__5ajRUXE0NsuEzIITzJE9Vnotn1ElO/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25285%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1XtLGcWD5ac/ThE1Iu9BAtI/AAAAAAAABWc/-phyXY8pF4I/Samantha_Pink_Designer_Saree_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1XtLGcWD5ac/ThE1Iu9BAtI/AAAAAAAABWc/-phyXY8pF4I/Samantha_Pink_Designer_Saree_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOAfy_Sf-GIt-OqwdITvqb6J-0rPVRgZli06ohMYJ5S7h8NzSZk5jun5041xm8eUJT_rnnXIxFjS52MIL_DaIDend-u6Alc3uyDhmjYtID34xN1nr3-1M_I4UV2PXF4dHOWZc_IGhcWkx/s1600/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #45b0ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOAfy_Sf-GIt-OqwdITvqb6J-0rPVRgZli06ohMYJ5S7h8NzSZk5jun5041xm8eUJT_rnnXIxFjS52MIL_DaIDend-u6Alc3uyDhmjYtID34xN1nr3-1M_I4UV2PXF4dHOWZc_IGhcWkx/s640/Samantha+at+Idea+South+Filmfare+2011+%25286%2529.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0976563) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;" width="440" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Samantha at Idea South Filmfare 2011 </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-26799987165709671182011-11-20T02:03:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.818-08:00Electric Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG | E-Cell Prototype<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="248" src="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype02.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Electric Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG | E-Cell Prototype</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; 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margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="248" src="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype05.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Electric Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG | E-Cell Prototype</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.buzz-beast.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benz-amg-sls-e-cell-2-585x365.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="248" src="http://www.buzz-beast.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benz-amg-sls-e-cell-2-585x365.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Electric Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG | E-Cell Prototype</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.freshnessmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/mercedes-benz-sls-amg-e-cell-01-570x393.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="275" src="http://images.freshnessmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/mercedes-benz-sls-amg-e-cell-01-570x393.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Electric Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG | E-Cell Prototype</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-87182003318838408682011-11-20T01:48:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.838-08:00Mercedes First Electric Car Information & Pictures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://benzinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/s-class-electric-vehicle-medium.thumbnail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="http://benzinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/s-class-electric-vehicle-medium.thumbnail.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Not too long ago, Mercedes announced that the </span>Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, pictured, would be the (likely) first production hybrid that uses lithium-ion batteries. The li-ion steak may be juicier that we expected, if </span>this post<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> over at Benz Insider is on target. BI is saying that a source within MB's Stuttgart Research Center has revealed that Daimler AG is developing a mid- or large-size electric-powered luxury vehicle. While a plug will certainly charge the battery packs, a "small dynamo like device" in the vehicle can also provide energy to - but not fully recharge - the battery. Sounds like a range extender to us, but with a rumored battery-only range of 105 miles, who will need it? We've put in a request to Daimler for more info, because, um, I think we're pretty interested in a car like this.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">[Source: </span>Benz Insider<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">]</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01673/merdedes-benz-SLS-_1673751c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01673/merdedes-benz-SLS-_1673751c.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">We have recently learned, from a source close to Mercedes Benz and its Research Center in Stuttgart, that the Daimler AG is working on a vehicle “which will revolutionize the luxury auto market,” as they put it. The “revolutionary” vehicle will be an all electric mid-size to large luxury vehicle, and will feature a</span>lithium-ion battery<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">that can be recharged two ways. The first option will be with a direct plug-in, and the other option will be a small dynamo like device that will charge the battery while the</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span>car<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">is driving. In current tests, the battery was able to get 170 km (approx 105 miles) before it had to be charged again, which means that the dynamo itself can only partially recharge the battery.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Read </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/mercedes-f700-car-j02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/mercedes-f700-car-j02.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It’s still not fully know which vehicle might get this technology, but if we look at some of the most recent developments, we can probably find the one that will most like be released with a electric motor. In a post we wrote in late February, we reported that Mercedes has acquired 25 patents for a lithium-ion technology to be used in the S 400 BlueHYBRID beginning next year. We also reported a couple of time on the GLK and its Hybrid intentions. If we were to throw out a educated guess here, we would probably say that the S-Class and the GLK, maybe even ML, will be the first “luxury’ all electric powered vehicles in the market.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/mercedes-f700-car-j01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/mercedes-f700-car-j01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Here is the most important questions for consumers. When will it come out? According to our source, a fully electric powered vehicle from Mercedes will come in the form of a new model/generation vehicle. If our prediction is right, and it is the S-Class, then we can expect the EV sometime in 2011 or possibly even as early as 2010, as that is when a new model is scheduled.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="firstPar" style="color: #282828; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>According To( telegraph.co.uk)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://www.cars-show.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mercedes-benzslsamgelectriccarprototype01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The zero-emission SLS AMG E-Cell boasts a power output of 535hp and 868lbs of torque, giving it a 0-62mph time of four seconds - that's almost as fast as its 6.2-litre V8-powered SLS AMG sibling, which makes the same dash in 3.8 seconds.</div></div><div class="secondPar" style="color: #282828; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aimed at proving that the firm is looking forward to the "challenges of motoring of the future", the high-voltage Gullwing offers what Mercedes calls "the prospect of a possible small series production run" at the same time as reflecting the firm's "innovative strength".</div></div><div class="thirdPar" style="color: #282828; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"We take social responsibility very seriously and with the SLS AMG E-Cell we are demonstrating a further milestone in our "AMG Performance 2015" strategy," said Ola Källenius, chairman of the board of Mercedes-AMG GmbH.</div></div><div class="fourthPar" style="color: #282828; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"It is our goal to continually reduce the fuel consumption and emissions of new models in the coming years, while at the same time enhancing the core brand value of performance."</div></div><div class="fifthPar" style="color: #282828; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.48em; padding-bottom: 0.7em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The E-Cell features four electric motors - one for each wheel - each capable of maximum engine speeds of 12,000rpm, with maximum torque available from "virtually a standstill", says Mercedes-Benz.</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-20508614668231149082011-11-20T01:34:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.857-08:00History of Computing Hardware<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Information_processing_system_(english).svg/800px-Information_processing_system_(english).svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Information_processing_system_(english).svg/800px-Information_processing_system_(english).svg.png" width="640" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The <b>history of computing hardware</b> is the record of the ongoing effort to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and capable of storing more data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Computing hardware evolved from machines that needed separate manual action to perform each arithmetic operation, to punched card machines, and then to stored-program computers. The history of stored-program computers relates first to computer architecture, that is, the organization of the units to perform input and output, to store data and to operate as an integrated mechanism . Secondly, this is a history of the electronic components and mechanical devices that comprise these units. Finally, we describe the continuing integration of 21st-century supercomputers, networks, personal devices, and integrated computers/communicators into many aspects of today's society. Increases in speed and memory capacity, and decreases in cost and size in relation to compute power, are major features of the history. As all computers rely on digital storage, and tend to be limited by the size and speed of memory, the history of computer data storage is tied to the development of computers.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://usedbutgood.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Apple9-300x292.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="311" src="http://usedbutgood.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Apple9-300x292.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans. Mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations were then called "calculating machines", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators. It was those humans who used the machines who were then called computers; there are pictures of enormous rooms filled with desks at which computers (often young women) used their machines to jointly perform calculations, as for instance, aerodynamic ones required for in aircraft design.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Calculators have continued to develop, but computers add the critical element of conditional response and larger memory, allowing automation of both numerical calculation and in general, automation of many symbol-manipulation tasks. Computer technology has undergone profound changes every decade since the 1940s.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Computing hardware has become a platform for uses other than mere computation, such as process automation, electronic communications, equipment control, entertainment, education, etc. Each field in turn has imposed its own requirements on the hardware, which has evolved in response to those requirements, such as the role of the touch screen to create a more intuitive and natural user interface.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Aside from written numerals, the first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. A sophisticated (and comparatively recent) example is the slide rule in which numbers are represented as lengths on a logarithmic scale and computation is performed by setting a cursor and aligning sliding scales, thus adding those lengths. Numbers could be represented in a continuous "analog" form, for instance a voltage or some other physical property was set to be proportional to the number. Analog computers, like those designed and built byVannevar Bush before World War II were of this type. Numbers could be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanical mechanism. Although this last approach required more complex mechanisms in many cases, it made for greater precision of results.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.innovationsinnewspapers.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/apple_i.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="http://www.innovationsinnewspapers.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/apple_i.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Both analog and digital mechanical techniques continued to be developed, producing many practical computing machines. Electrical methods rapidly improved the speed and precision of calculating machines, at first by providing motive power for mechanical calculating devices, and later directly as the medium for representation of numbers. Numbers could be represented by voltages or currents and manipulated by linear electronic amplifiers. Or, numbers could be represented as discrete binary or decimal digits, and electrically controlled switches and combinational circuits could perform mathematical operations.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRy81MCLNjrnXi0D0gfZfvd182uAldQyP3ps9RjxavFkd6fy-SU0zKTBcJC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRy81MCLNjrnXi0D0gfZfvd182uAldQyP3ps9RjxavFkd6fy-SU0zKTBcJC" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The invention of electronic amplifiers made calculating machines much faster than their mechanical or electromechanical predecessors.Vacuum tube (thermionic valve) amplifiers gave way to solid state transistors, and then rapidly to integrated circuits which continue to improve, placing millions of electrical switches (typically transistors) on a single elaborately manufactured piece of semi-conductor the size of a fingernail. By defeating the tyranny of numbers, integrated circuits made high-speed and low-cost digital computers a widespread commodity.</div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-46826619404956387892011-11-20T01:23:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.880-08:00Top 10 Electric Cars In the World<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>No.1</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px;">#• </span><strong style="font-size: 15px;">Electric luxury Maserati Tramontane</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="maserati tramontane pym1g 3868" height="216" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/maserati-tramontane_pym1g_3868_ZdrwW_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="maserati tramontane pym1g 3868" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">maserati tramontane pym1g 3868</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> Designed by Ondrej Jirec, the Maserati Tramontane is a concept vehicle which is developed as a part of his studies at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. It’s a lightweight electric luxury supercar, and its design is intended to lower the weight, reduce the No. of body parts, and to simplify building process while combining interior and exterior elements. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.2</b>• <strong>Citroen Eco-Luxury sedan</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="citroen eco luxury sedan" height="244" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/citroen-eco-luxury-sedan_6dsel_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="citroen eco luxury sedan" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">citroen eco luxury sedan</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> The Citroen Eco-Luxury sedan concept from designer Ankit Prashar has a different touch for Citroen’s design language. The luxury vehicle is all-electric with a lithium-ion battery powering the in-wheel electric motors. A fuel cell works as a range extender and charges the batteries when needed, to top it all, solar panels on the roof supply energy for the concept’s lighting system.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.3</b>• <strong>Mercedes all-electric luxury car</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="mercedes all electric luxury car" height="216" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/mercedes-all-electric-luxury-car_WoAgR_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="mercedes all electric luxury car" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">mercedes all electric luxury car</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> It was just a while Mercedes announced that the Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid would be the first production hybrid that uses lithium-ion batteries. BI is saying that a source within MB’s Stuttgart Research Center has revealed that Daimler AG is developing a mid- or large-size electric-powered luxury vehicle. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.4</b>• <strong>Fisker Luxury Electric Car</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="fisker luxury electric car" height="192" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/fisker-luxury-electric-car_U2sjW_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="fisker luxury electric car" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">fisker luxury electric car</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> Fisker Automotive released the photos of what they called the final production version of the Fisker Karma luxury plug-in hybrid electric sedan before its official debut at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. Company is to set to start rolling of the production line at the end of this year.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.5</b>• <strong>Mitsubishi All-Electric Car</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="mitsubishi all electric car" height="206" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/mitsubishi-all-electric-car_nJEFC_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="mitsubishi all electric car" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">mitsubishi all electric car</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> Mitsubishi has unveiled this all-electric concept car called the i MIEV Sport in September 2007. Besides being a zero-emission vehicle, the car incorporates a solar roof, two compact wind turbines built into the front grill, and a regenerative braking system. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.6</b>• <strong>Aston Martin’s Lagonda</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="aston martins lagonda" height="265" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/aston-martins-lagonda_ctwx7_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="aston martins lagonda" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">aston martins lagonda</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> Aston Martin’s Lagonda concept car, which is a four-door, four-seat sports car maintains its distinct and sporty image in the car world. This vehicle from Aston Martin will be a luxury sports car made using cutting-edge technology and innovative new materials. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.7</b>• <strong>Fisker’s sporty Eco-Chic</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="fiskers sporty eco chic" height="195" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/fiskers-sporty-eco-chic_gjadU_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="fiskers sporty eco chic" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">fiskers sporty eco chic</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> The Fisker four-door premium ‘Eco-Chic’, plug-in hybrid sports sedan comes in gas or diesel engines and offers as many as 620 miles between refueling. The plug-in charge is good for the first 50 miles and the hybrid drive can squeeze up to 100 miles per gallon out of fossil fuels. The car has a battery pack at the center to deliver improved driving dynamics, better balance, maximum safety, and ’some’ good looks.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.8</b>• <strong>Koenigsegg’s electric Quant car</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="koenigsegg solar powered supercar" height="266" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/koenigsegg-solar-powered-supercar_Ol5Oq_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="koenigsegg solar powered supercar" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">koenigsegg solar powered supercar</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> Koenigsegg unveiled their electric vehicle concept Quant at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. The vehicle has a mammoth 512hp and 527 pound-ft of torque. The entire torque is available at 1 rpm and stays on until the maximum motor speed. While they were at it, they decided the concept’s two motors should be powered by rapid charge capable batteries. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.9</b>• <strong>Cadillac XTS Platinum</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="cadillac xts platinum concept jiwpr 3868" height="295" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/cadillac-xts-platinum-concept_jiwpr_3868_MhGbJ_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="cadillac xts platinum concept jiwpr 3868" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">cadillac xts platinum concept jiwpr 3868</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div class="permaAd" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> In a bid to give the German luxury cars a genuine competition, Cadillac unveiled its XTS Platinum concept at the 2010 Detroit Auto Show. This model is all set to replace two of Cadillac models viz. STS and aging DTS. The concept flaunts Cadillac’s emerging top of the line Platinum series of models, emphasizing new expressions of luxury and technological features.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.10</b>• <strong>All Electric Tesla</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="telsa electric car" height="211" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/telsa-electric-car_UsG2W_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="telsa electric car" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">telsa electric car</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info: </strong>The all-electric Tesla Roadster is already a darling of the masses. The wonderful car has been hailed for its supreme performance and amazing clean drive. The Roadster seems to it from 0 to 60 in a flash and all that is done with absolute silence. The instant acceleration and the sudden braking are kept under control by a very efficient traction control system. </div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-size: medium;">No.11</b>• <strong>Dodge Circuit EV</strong></div><div class="contentImage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="dodge circuit ev" height="214" src="http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2010/06/03/dodge-circuit-ev_RfuV1_1292.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="dodge circuit ev" width="400" /><div class="imgContent" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 580px;"><b style="display: block;">dodge circuit ev</b><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: 'Myriad Pro', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Info:</strong> The car that was nothing more than a Lotus Europa with an electric powertrain and Dodge badges now at least looks kind of like it belongs in a Dodge dealership .The front fascia now sports the traditional Dodge cross-hair grille while the posterior gets cleaner look with a small diffuser. New wheels and a coat of orange paint that Chrysler’s press release dubbs”Tangoreen” round out the visual changes.</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-5956534223894443552011-11-18T02:53:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.921-08:00Louis Daguerre Photos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/daguerre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="http://www.uh.edu/engines/daguerre.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">French engraver and daguerreotype developer Louis Daguerre Photo</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio7mfg3STKZJOnsNlZoCc9meflKC69pfgJySVbTEFdxKNvQR_RqKcH6wMIhVPNMRwAGeTRZ4RKaqi1iGB1b6nMFJc5e_FTn7bYSSf8wliu35xQN9cTYahqhEwJ3CwGZoPfEZNQYOq76qM/s1600/1277662112Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio7mfg3STKZJOnsNlZoCc9meflKC69pfgJySVbTEFdxKNvQR_RqKcH6wMIhVPNMRwAGeTRZ4RKaqi1iGB1b6nMFJc5e_FTn7bYSSf8wliu35xQN9cTYahqhEwJ3CwGZoPfEZNQYOq76qM/s400/1277662112Picture8.png" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louis Daguerre Art</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_Daguerre_engraving.jpg/426px-Louis_Daguerre_engraving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_Daguerre_engraving.jpg/426px-Louis_Daguerre_engraving.jpg" width="452" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louis Daguerre Photo</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/426884/large/C0107842-Louis_Daguerre,_French_chemist-SPL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/426884/large/C0107842-Louis_Daguerre,_French_chemist-SPL.jpg" width="484" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Louis Daguerre Statue</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Louis_Daguerre.jpg/497px-Louis_Daguerre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Louis_Daguerre.jpg/497px-Louis_Daguerre.jpg" width="529" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (18 November 1787 – 10 July 1851) Photo</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://nchaggis.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/louis-daguerre.jpg?w=372&h=495" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="http://nchaggis.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/louis-daguerre.jpg?w=372&h=495" width="480" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Photo of Louis Daguerre</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px;">, Born November 1787,and died July 10 1851</span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mpimages/mp042.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="281" src="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mpimages/mp042.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louis Daguerre's Photography</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-69020345863681128732011-11-18T02:44:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.942-08:00Louis Daguerre Daguerreotype Ten Steps Process<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Louis Jacques Mande DAGUERRE (1787-1851)</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR1NVn5XC1--rP9iCsRmDM5n9LWX0pdv3WO_OmE_LOhrYKXHlPuZT3yMw-8" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR1NVn5XC1--rP9iCsRmDM5n9LWX0pdv3WO_OmE_LOhrYKXHlPuZT3yMw-8" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <b>daguerreotype process</b> was the first practicable method of obtaining permanent images with a camera. The man who gave his name to the process and perfected the method of producing direct positive images on a silver-coated copper plate was <b>Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre</b>, a French artist and scenic painter. Daguerre had began experimenting with ways of fixing the images formed by the<b>camera obscura</b> around 1824, but in 1829 he entered into partnership with <b>Joseph Nicephore Niepce</b>(1765-1833), a French amateur scientist and inventor who, in 1826, had succeeded in securing a picture of the view from his window by using a a camera obscura and a pewter plate coated with bitumen. Niepce called his picture-making process<b> heliography</b> ("sun drawing"), but although he had managed to produce a permanent image using a camera, the exposure time was around 8 hours. Niepce later abandoned pewter plates in favour of silver-plated sheets of copper and discovered that the vapour from iodine reacted with the silver coating to produce<b> silver iodide</b>, a light sensitive compound.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/N/Nicephore-Niepce-41069-1-402.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/N/Nicephore-Niepce-41069-1-402.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the death of Niepce in 1833, Daguerre continued to experiment with copper plates coated with silver iodide to produce direct positive pictures. Daguerre discovered that the latent image on an exposed plate could be brought out or "developed" with the fumes from warmed mercury. The use of<b>mercury vapour </b>meant that photographic images could be produced in twenty to thirty minutes rather than hours. In 1837, Daguerre found a way of "fixing" the photographic images with a solution of common salt. Two years later, he followed the suggestion of <b>Sir John Herschel </b>(1792-1871) and adopted <b>hyposulphate of soda </b>(now <b>thiosulphate of soda </b>) as the fixing agent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daguerre began making successful pictures using his improved process from 1837. On 19th August,1839, at a meeting in Paris, the <b>Daguerreotype Process </b>was revealed to the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In England,<b> Richard Beard </b>(1801-1885), a former coal merchant and patent speculator, bought the patent to <b>Alexander Wolcott's mirror camera</b> and employed the services of <b>John Frederick Goddard </b>(1795-1866), a chemist, to find a way of reducing exposure times to less than a few minutes, thereby making it possible to take daguerreotype portraits. On 23rd March 1841, Richard Beard opened England’s first daguerreotype portrait studio in London's Regent Street. In June 1841, Beard purchased from Daguerre the patent rights to the daguerreotype process in England.</span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ten Steps in Making a Daguerreotype Process</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Polishing and Buffing the Photographic Plate</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dagpolish1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dagpolish1.jpg" width="240" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A plate of <b>silver-coated copper</b> is cleaned and highly polished with a soft cloth, using pumice powder and oil. The plate is continually polished and buffed until the silvered surface has a mirror-like brilliance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Sensitizing the Photographic Plate</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/DagSensitz1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/DagSensitz1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The polished plate is <b>sensitized</b> by exposing it to iodine and bromine fumes. The plate is first suspended in an air tight compartment containing<b> chloride of iodine </b>until the surface of the silvered plate turns yellow. The <b>iodized plate </b>is then suspended face down over <b>chloride of bromine</b> fumes. The two chemicals combine with the silver coating of the plate to form a <b>light sensitive</b> surface. ( Some daguerreotype artists used a combination of <b>chlorine </b>and <b>iodine</b>vapours ).</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Loading the Camera</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag3camera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag3camera.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <b>sensitized plate</b> is inserted into a<b>light-proof holder with a protective slide</b> and placed inside the camera.</span></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Taking the Likeness</span></b></div></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag4clamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag4clamp.jpg" width="255" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The subject is placed in front of the camera. If necessary, the pose is held with the assistance of <b>adjustable head rests, clamps and posing stands</b>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <b>protective slide</b> is removed and, when the photographer is satisfied with the pose and expression of the sitter, the <b>lens cap</b> is removed for a period of time until the image is captured on the sensitized surface of the plate.</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Developing the Image</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag5develop%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag5develop%20copy.jpg" width="382" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The image is "brought out" by suspending the photographic plate over a dish of <b>mercury</b> inside a<b>fuming box</b>. The <b>mercury</b> is heated by a spirit lamp and the fumes from the <b>mercury</b> combine with the <b>silver salts </b>to produce a clear image on the plate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Fixing the Image</span></b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag6fix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag6fix.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fixing the image with hyposulphate of soda</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The photographic image is made permanent by bathing the photographic plate in <b>hyposulphate of soda </b>( or <b>sodium thiosulphite</b> ).</span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Gold Toning or Gilding ( optional )</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag7gold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag7gold.jpg" width="326" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The image on the the photographic plate can also be toned and strengthened by treating the plate with <b>gold chloride</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. Washing the Photographic Plate</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finally, the photographic plate is washed in <b>distilled water</b> and dried.</span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9. Colouring ( optional )</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag9colour.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag9colour.jpg" width="346" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The portrait could be coloured by hand. The surface of the plate was coated with a thin film of <b>gum arabic </b>and left to dry. The colourist would then breathe on the treated plate to make it sticky and with a fine paintbrush applied <b>dry powdered pigment</b> to the image.</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag10kilburn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/dag10kilburn.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><b>A hand-coloured daguerreotype portrait of a woman by William Edward Kilburn, who opened a studio in Regent Street, London in 1846. William Kilburn was famous for his hand-coloured daguerreotype portraits, which were compared to painted portrait miniatures.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10. Mounting and Presenting the Finished Daguerreotype Portrait</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The finished daguerreotype portrait was surrounded by a <b>gilt or brass mat</b>, covered with a sheet of protective <b>glass</b>, and bound in a <b>metal frame</b>. The daguerreotype portrait was presented in a velvet or plush-lined, leather case, or mounted in a decorative frame.</span></div><br /></div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-43141680380338277922011-11-18T02:27:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:05.968-08:00Louis Daguerre Daguerreotype<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><br /><h1 id="toc0" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #1d773c; color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">History and Development of Forensic Science up to the 20th Century</span></h1><h1 id="toc0" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Key People</span></h1><ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fortunatus Fidelis- first person to practice forensic medicine</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sir Francis Galton- developed first basic system for classifying fingerprints based on grouping the patterns into arches, loops, and whorls</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alphonse Bertillion- French criminologist who applied techniques of human body measurement used in anthropological classification to the identification of criminals</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 23px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zacharias Janssen- Dutch lens-maker who invented first compound microscope</span></span></li></ul><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><br /><ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg" src="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg/92976298/1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 73px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 116px;" title="1850_Daguerreotype_Camera.jpg" /></span></span><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 23px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Louis Daguerre- first photograph- "daguerreotype"</span></span></li><li><h6 id="toc1" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="" name="Key People-----Mathieu Orfila- “Father of Toxicology,” wrote Traite des Poisons"></a>Mathieu Orfila- “Father of Toxicology,” wrote <em>Traite des Poisons</em></span></h6></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">William Talbot- invented the photographic negative</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 23px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Henry Goddard- first to trace bullet back to gun successfully</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cesare Lombroso- said criminals had certain physical features</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Francesco Patrizi- made early type of lie detector that failed</span></li></ul><br /><br /><h1 id="toc2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Key Terms</span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div><ol style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Forensic medicine- application of medical knowledge to legal questions</span></li></ol><br /><br /><ol style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Compound microscope- microscope with more than one lens<img alt="i1.gif" height="339" src="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/i1.gif/92976820/i1.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 214px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 252px;" title="i1.gif" width="400" /></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Forensic science- scientific method of collecting and gathering evidence.</span></li></ol><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/mathieu_joseph_bonaventure_orfila.jpg/92977166/mathieu_joseph_bonaventure_orfila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com/file/view/mathieu_joseph_bonaventure_orfila.jpg/92977166/mathieu_joseph_bonaventure_orfila.jpg" width="183" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mathieu Orfila</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><h1 id="toc3" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Case Study</span></h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">France, 1840: A 24-year-old woman named Marie Lafarge was charged with poisoning her husband. She had been seen buying arsenic "to kill her rats" and it was also rumored that she was unhappy with her marriage. Lawyers on both sides were arguing and the methods scientists used to prove that Lafarge had killed her husband kept being doubted or disproved. Both sides agreed to consult Mathieu Orfila, "Father of Toxicology." Orfila took samples from the husband's body and the soil that he was buried in. Orfila found traces of arsenic in the body and proved that it did not come from the surrounding soil, making the jury decide that Lafarge was guilty and she was sentenced to life in jail.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Source; northcrossschoolforensics.wikispaces.com</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-27875074045893706542011-11-18T02:13:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:06.065-08:00Louis Daguerre Daguerreotype Process<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/800px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/800px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px;">1840-1841 </span>Camerae obscurae<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> and plates for Daguerreotype called "Grand Photographe" produced by </span>Charles Chevalier<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> (</span>Musée des Arts et Métiers<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">).</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Daguerreotype Process</b> The daguerreotype, along with the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Tintype</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">, is a photographic image allowing no direct transfer of the image onto another light-sensitive medium, as opposed to glass plate or paper negatives. Preparation of the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">copper</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 10px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">plate prior to image exposure resulted in the formation of a layer of photo-sensitive silver halide, and exposure to a scene or image through a lens formed a </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">latent image</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">. The latent image was made visible, or "developed", by placing the exposed plate over a slightly heated (about 30°C / 90°F) cup of mercury. Daguerre was first to discover and publish (in the publication of the process and the English patent of 1839) the principle of latent image development.</span></span></span><br /><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The mercury vapour condensed on those places on the plate where the exposure light was most intense (highlights), and less so in darker areas of the image (shadows). This produced a picture in an amalgam, the mercury washing the silver out of the halides, solubilizing and amalgamating it into free silver particles which adhered to the exposed areas of the plate, leaving the unexposed silver halide ready to be removed by the fixing process. This resulted in the final unfixed image, which consisted of light and dark areas of grey amalgam on the plate. The developing box was constructed to allow inspection of the image through a yellow glass window to allow the photographer to determine when to stop development.</span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The next operation was to "fix" the photographic image permanently on the plate by dipping in a solution of hyposulphite of soda, often called "fixer" or "hypo", to dissolve the unexposed halides. Initially, Daguerre's process was to use a saturated salt solution for this step, but later adopted Herschel's suggestion of sodium thiosulphate, as did W. H. F. Talbot.</span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The image produced by this method is extremely fragile and susceptible to damage when handled. Practically all daguerreotypes are protected from accidental damage by a glass-fronted enclosure. It was discovered by experiment that treating the plate with heated gold chloride both tones and strengthens the image, although it remains quite delicate and requires a well-sealed enclosure to protect against touch as well as oxidation of the fine silver deposits forming the blacks in the image. The best-preserved daguerreotypes dating from the 19th century are sealed in robust glass cases evacuated of air and filled with a chemically inert gas, typically nitrogen.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Proliferation" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Daguerreotype Proliferation</span></h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">and Jules Itier in France, and Johann Baptist Isenring in Switzerland, became prominent daguerreotypists. In the United Kingdom, however, Richard Beard bought the British daguerreotype patent from Miles Berry in 1841 and closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting infringers.Among others, Antoine Claudet</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">andThomas Richard Williamsproduced daguerreotypes in the U.K.</span></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: justify; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="303" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg/250px-AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><br /><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Advertisement for a traveling Daguerreotype photographer, with location left blank</span></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States. In the early 1840s, the invention was introduced in a period of months to practitioners in the United States by Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph code. One of these original Morse Daguerreotype cameras is currently on display at the National Museum of American History, a branch of the Smithsonian, in Washington, DC. A flourishing market in portraiture sprang up, predominantly the work of itinerant practitioners who traveled from town to town. For the first time in history, people could obtain an exact likeness of themselves or their loved ones for a modest cost, making portrait photographs extremely popular with those of modest means. Notable U.S. daguerreotypists of the mid-19th century included James Presley Ball,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Samuel Bemis</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Abraham Bogardus</span>,Mathew Brady,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Thomas Martin Easterly</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">François Fleischbein</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Jeremiah Gurney</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">John Plumbe, Jr.</span>,Albert Southworth, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Augustus Washington</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Ezra Greenleaf Weld</span>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; white-space: nowrap;">]</span></sup> and John Adams Whipple.</span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This method spread to other parts of the world as well. In 1857, Ichiki Shirō created the first knownJapanese photograph, a portrait of his daimyo Shimazu Nariakira. This photograph was designated anImportant Cultural Property by the government of Japan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The daguerreotype is commonly, erroneously, believed to have been the dominant photographic process into the late part of the 19th century in Europe. Evidence from the period shows that it was in widespread use for less than twenty years before being superseded by other processes:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 19px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The calotype, introduced in 1841; a negative-positive process using a paper negative.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The collodion wet plate process, introduced in 1851; a negative-positive process using halide-impregnated collodion poured from a bottle onto a glass plate and sensitized by immersion in a silver nitrate bath.</span></li></ul><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The collodion wet plate process was used to produce ambrotypes on glass and tintypes or ferrotypes on a coated iron plate.</span></div><ul style="line-height: 19px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ambrotype, introduced in 1854; a negative image on glass which appeared positive when on dark "ruby" glass or backed with a black varnish or cloth.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The tintype or ferrotype, introduced in 1856; an image like the ambrotype, but on a thin blackened iron plate instead of glass.</span></li></ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Demise" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Daguerreotype Demise</span></h2><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The intricate, complex, labor-intensive daguerreotype process itself helped contribute to the rapid move to theambrotype and tintype. The proliferation of these simpler and much less expensive photographic processes made the costly daguerreotypes less appealing to the average person (although it remained very popular inastronomical observatories until the invention of glass plate cameras). According to Mace (1999), the rigidity of these images stems more from the seriousness of the activity than a long exposure time, which he says was actually only a few seconds (<i>Early Photographs</i>, p. 21). The daguerreotype's lack of a negative image from which multiple positive "prints" could be made was a limitation also shared by the tintype, but was not a factor in the daguerreotype's demise until the introduction of the calotype. The fact that many of those to use the process suffered severe health problems or even death from mercury poisoning after inhaling toxic vapors created during the heating process also contributed to its falling out of favor with photographers. Unlike film and paper photography however, a properly sealed daguerreotype can potentially last indefinitely.</span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The daguerreotype's popularity was not threatened until photography was used to make imitation daguerreotypes on glass positives called ambrotypes, meaning "imperishable picture" (Newhall, 107).</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/800px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="287" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/800px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" width="400" /></span></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Boulevard du Temple by Daguerre</span></h1></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"> </span>Boulevard du Temple<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, </span>Paris<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, 3rd arrondissement, </span>Daguerreotype<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: -webkit-auto;">. The purportedly first picture of a living person. The image shows a busy street, but due to exposure time of more than ten minutes, the traffic was moving too much to appear. The exceptions are the two people at the bottom left, one who stood still getting his boots polished by the other long enough to show. Look closely and you will also see another man sitting on a bench to the right reading a newspaper. Also in the upper left hand side you can also see another man standing under the awning of the 3rd building from the left. What looks to be a woman standing under the street lantern at 10 o'clock from the man getting his shoes shined and another one in the big white building,1st row 3rd window down. Notice the child in the top floor window of the white building in front. Note that the image is a </span>mirror image<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: -webkit-auto;">.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abelincoln1846.jpeg/434px-Abelincoln1846.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abelincoln1846.jpeg/434px-Abelincoln1846.jpeg" width="460" /></span></a></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px;">The first authenticated image of</span>Abraham Lincoln<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> was this daguerreotype of him as U.S.</span>Congressman<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard of Springfield, Illinois.</span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Andrew_Jackson-1844-2.jpg/445px-Andrew_Jackson-1844-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Andrew_Jackson-1844-2.jpg/445px-Andrew_Jackson-1844-2.jpg" width="474" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Andrew Jackson-1844</span></h1></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px;">Daguerreotype of </span>Andrew Jackson<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> at age 77 or 78 (1844 or 1845).</span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Shimazu_by_ichiki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Shimazu_by_ichiki.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">A daguerreotype of Shimazu Nariakira, taken by Ichiki Shiro (1828 - 1903)</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg/800px-San_Francisco-1853.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="75" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg/800px-San_Francisco-1853.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Photo panorama of San Francisco, 1853</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg/752px-Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="317" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg/752px-Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg" width="400" /></span></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Susse Frére Daguerreotype camera 1839</span></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-101415092414933322011-11-18T01:48:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:06.165-08:00First Daguerreotype Invention and Photographs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXHBfHrocUdLvpTwZS2LE_vtTpOZL4oIgxD5HfYuc1jbmMKdsKxCuQM95zis9eMAVL2p20T_pcH4-_ZipHB5zX43PpeQHLTjjUWoWnv5aJc2ikaoLIx_MxwSESHVFcHrkju35QWNkqUNs/s1600/20101022023005louis_daguerre_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXHBfHrocUdLvpTwZS2LE_vtTpOZL4oIgxD5HfYuc1jbmMKdsKxCuQM95zis9eMAVL2p20T_pcH4-_ZipHB5zX43PpeQHLTjjUWoWnv5aJc2ikaoLIx_MxwSESHVFcHrkju35QWNkqUNs/s200/20101022023005louis_daguerre_2.jpg" width="155" /></span></span></a></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The <b>daguerreotype</b> (French: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>daguerréotype</i></span>) was the first commercially successful photographic process. The image is a direct positive made in the camera on a silvered copper plate. The raw material for plates was called <i>Sheffield plate, plating by fusion</i> or <i>cold-rolled cladding</i> and was a standard hardware item produced by heating and rolling silver foil in contact with a copper support. The surface of a daguerreotype is like a mirror, with the image made directly on the silvered surface; it is very fragile and can be rubbed off with a finger, and the finished plate has to be angled so as to reflect some dark surface in order to view the image properly. Depending on the angle viewed, and the color of the surface reflected into it, the image can change from a positive to a negative.</span></span></h2><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Invention" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>First Daguerreotype Invention Invention</u></span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since the late Renaissance, artists and inventors had been looking for a mechanical method of capturing visual scenes.Previously, using the camera obscura, artists would manually trace what they saw, or use the optical image in the camera as a basis for solving the problems of perspective and parallax, and deciding colour values. The camera obscura's optical reduction of a real scene in three-dimensional space to a flat rendition in two dimensions influenced western art, so that at one point, it was thought that images based on optical geometry (perspective) belonged to a more advanced civilization. Later, with the advent of Modernism, the absence of perspective in oriental art from China, Japan and in Persian miniatures was revalued.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Previous discoveries of photosensitive methods and substances—including silver nitrate by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century, a silver and chalk mixture by Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1724, and Joseph Niépce's bitumen-based heliography in 1822 —contributed to development of the daguerreotype. In 1829 French artist and chemist Louis J.M. Daguerre, contributing a cutting edge camera design, partnered with Niépce, a leader in photochemistry, to further develop their technologies.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After Niépce's 1833 death, Daguerre continued to research the chemistry and mechanics of recording images by coating copper plates with iodized silver.Early experiments required hours of exposure in the camera to produce visible results. In 1835 Daguerre discovered—after accidentally breaking a mercury thermometer, according to traditional accounts—a method of developing the faint or invisible images on plates that had been exposed for only 20 to 30 minutes. Further refinement of his process would allow him to fix the image—preventing further darkening of the silver—using a strong solution of common salt. The 1837 still life of plaster casts, a wicker-covered bottle, a framed drawing and a curtain—titled <i>L'Atelier de l'artiste</i>—was his first daguerreotype to successfully undergo the full process of exposure, development and fixation.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The French Academy of Sciences announced the daguerreotype process on January 9, 1839. Later that year William Fox Talbot announced his silver chloride "sensitive paper" process. Together, these announcements mark 1839 as the year photography was born.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daguerre did not patent and profit from his invention in the usual way. Instead, it was arranged that the French government would acquire the rights in exchange for a lifetime pension. The government would then present the daguerreotype process "free to the world" as a gift to mankind, which it did on August 19, 1839. However, on August 14, 1839, Miles Berry, acting on Daguerre's behalf, filed for a patent in England, which consequently became the only place on Earth where the purchase of a license was legally required.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/800px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/800px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">1840-1841 </span>Camerae obscurae<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> and plates for Daguerreotype called "Grand Photographe" produced by </span>Charles Chevalier<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> (</span>Musée des Arts et Métiers<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">).</span></span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="288" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Daguerreotype Daguerre Atelier 1837</span></span></h1></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">L'Atelier de l'artiste.</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"> An 1837 daguerreotype by </span>Daguerre<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">, the first to complete the full process.</span></span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="378" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">The </span>solar eclipse of July 28, 1851<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"> is the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse, using the daguerreotype process.</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Description ;</span>Berkowski made the first solar eclipse photograph on July 28, 1851, also using the daguerrotype process, at the Royal Observatory in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kalinigrad in Russia). Berkowski, a local daguerrotypist whose first name was never published, observed at the Royal Observatory. A small 6-cm refracting telescope was attached to the 15.8-cm Fraunhofer heliometer and a 84-second exposure was taken shortly after the beginning of totality.</span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-55030863564883970882011-11-18T01:30:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:06.263-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The graphic art of printmaking, unlike many other media ,allows for the multiple reproduction of an image. Artists have long used printmaking to create illustrated books and popular artworks meant to reach a wide audience-printing with moveable type developed in China in the eleventh century and in Europe in the fifteenth century. There are many different printmaking techniques, each producing distinctive visual effects.</span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64H9BNh7SsbA4rxnVyPrvSw1ayJ_xg0QCo-AE6DTfi-WDxpLJvZqlQ1ZoLlVPcYNlTyH2c0i3kusftozomR-NXmxko3S95Ghj_PjAgoRNULkzDlwOqPGUpGz__sApN1nhQRjvUGgfmJg/s1600/woodcut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64H9BNh7SsbA4rxnVyPrvSw1ayJ_xg0QCo-AE6DTfi-WDxpLJvZqlQ1ZoLlVPcYNlTyH2c0i3kusftozomR-NXmxko3S95Ghj_PjAgoRNULkzDlwOqPGUpGz__sApN1nhQRjvUGgfmJg/s400/woodcut.jpg" width="376" /></b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Wood Cut Graphic Art</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5gNi6yUusmIwz1J2f_1Jgk0dNHR_1YDLFsAENnAo6Jv64xwaD84MNnwdA2mIiULwsq3tBDww6NQzbl4NqWb-bF6URCrKq3wKE_hyphenhyphenlZRSkVI9uzR6kuaZ53pFLz-VuztRlr8QGiqyB7E/s1600/engraving_.gif" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5gNi6yUusmIwz1J2f_1Jgk0dNHR_1YDLFsAENnAo6Jv64xwaD84MNnwdA2mIiULwsq3tBDww6NQzbl4NqWb-bF6URCrKq3wKE_hyphenhyphenlZRSkVI9uzR6kuaZ53pFLz-VuztRlr8QGiqyB7E/s640/engraving_.gif" width="491" /></b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Engraving Graphic Art</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWkIWKy_A2vwKw5PVAQLS-cHVpN7s9EDo0xsH5ZptfFiJHoe6elFs8mvTHqs5PyX1a70HcqTvzsET7mEVjQvuN9zBS11nJFQVgPoEBAgNjEgPEOZ18Iu0GKivkGUomcZ11OCZwLnDxuc/s1600/etching_goya_sleepr_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWkIWKy_A2vwKw5PVAQLS-cHVpN7s9EDo0xsH5ZptfFiJHoe6elFs8mvTHqs5PyX1a70HcqTvzsET7mEVjQvuN9zBS11nJFQVgPoEBAgNjEgPEOZ18Iu0GKivkGUomcZ11OCZwLnDxuc/s640/etching_goya_sleepr_lg.jpg" width="420" /></b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Etching Graphic Arts</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSIkpHlGpjUcrOU4lvRCzLo4XQ2DPZ2YbFwzPI2-Vd2ToUp0FtUtsORTOjDGk4RNsImWZTzG3Y94forrzpG0stJCMLFiFLNm7v8RL7uVTcHRPUy89fK5F5N9NGHqqxUYyS6dzuLKx2Gig/s640/lithograph.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="321" /></b></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Lithography Graphic Arts</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSIkpHlGpjUcrOU4lvRCzLo4XQ2DPZ2YbFwzPI2-Vd2ToUp0FtUtsORTOjDGk4RNsImWZTzG3Y94forrzpG0stJCMLFiFLNm7v8RL7uVTcHRPUy89fK5F5N9NGHqqxUYyS6dzuLKx2Gig/s1600/lithograph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></a></div><br /><ul style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>woodcut</b>: <span style="font-size: small;">The design is carved into a wood block. The cut-away areas and lines appear white on the print. Extremely fine lines are difficult to achieve, because the wood will split if cut too finely.</span></span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></div><ul style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="" name="engraving"></a>engraving:<span style="font-size: small;"> The engraver cut lines into a metal plate using a special tool called a burin. The lines are sharp and clear , and often finer than those achieved with woodcut.</span></span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></div><ul style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="" name="etching"></a><b>etching</b>: <span style="font-size: small;">The etcher covers a metal plate with a wax ground and then draws in it with a blunt needle. The plate is dipped in an acid bath, which eats away the exposed areas of the metal. These lines then hold the ink for printing. Etched lines are typically looser and freer than engraved lines.</span></span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></div><ul style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="" name="lithography"></a><b>lithography</b>: <span style="font-size: small;">The lithographer draws a picture on a flat polished stone using a special kind of crayon. The ink clings to the crayon to form the print. Developed in 1798, this medium allows the printmaker to work freely, and the resulting print has many qualities of a drawing.</span></span></span></li></ul></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-90020427975181628862011-11-18T01:14:00.000-08:002012-01-21T05:08:06.283-08:00Honour to Louis Daguerre's 224th birthday By Google Doodle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://tutorcreative.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Louis-Daguerre-2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://tutorcreative.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Louis-Daguerre-2011.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;">Google welcomed users with a family photo doodle in honour of Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre's 224th birthday. The French painter and physicist was the inventor of daguerreotype, the first successful form of photography.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;">Before the daguerreotype, photography required hours of exposure and Louis Daguerre's invention reduced it to 20-30 minutes.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;">In the daguerreotype process, a technique developed by Daguerre in collaboration with Nicephore Niepce in the 1830s, a silver iodide coated copper plate was exposed to light in a camera and then was fumed with mercury vapour. Then a solution of common salt was applied to form a permanent image. As the daguerreotype grew popular, later improvements shortened the exposure time to forty seconds by 1841.</div><div style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;"></div><div style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://the-artists.org/images/artists-portraits/daguerre-louis-jacq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="http://the-artists.org/images/artists-portraits/daguerre-louis-jacq.jpg" width="320" /></a>Born on November 18, 1787 in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, France, Daguerre learned architecture, theatre design, and painting. He along with De Dion-Bouton invented the diorama, a scenic painting within a box that when viewed through a peephole, changes color and direction of light to simulate changes in the weather, time of day, etc. In 1839 Daguerre's Diorama was destroyed in a fire.</div><div style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-decoration: none;">Daguerre died of a heart attack on July 10, 1851.</div><div style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-decoration: none;">The Daguerre Google doodle shows a family of five in a 19th century style family photo, where the 'G' and 'O' of the Google name depict the father and the mother and the remaining three letters the children. The 'Os' are the two daughters and 'E' the son. The 'L' is the lamp. Interestingly the father 'G' bears a resemblance to Daguerre himself.</div><div style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-decoration: none;">Google doodles have gained immense popularity over the past few years and the Google team has put out commemorative doodles on events ranging from news events, civic milestones, birthdays, death anniversaries and important dates in history.</div><div style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 14px/20px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-decoration: none;">Google estimates it has created more than 900 doodles since 1998, with 270 of them running in 2010 and about 200 in 2011.</div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-35046362644632612752011-10-30T02:10:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.311-08:00History and Health Effects of Smoking {Tobacco}<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The <b>health effects of tobacco</b> are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health. Epidemiological research has been focused primarily on cigarette tobacco smoking, which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5bBQTFMVwjdPQkxtoXmGm5tafYJrdrQx7LhzqSCEzpRd7WE5PpkVqf84c9Kylqib7tBj3xkbWwtEwmNFqJGNYw13VY2tpBRaoCmJs5abxsTNWoBORqqpdSahczEg3Uy0CjjIJBg6J1Q/s1600/cigarette-component.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5bBQTFMVwjdPQkxtoXmGm5tafYJrdrQx7LhzqSCEzpRd7WE5PpkVqf84c9Kylqib7tBj3xkbWwtEwmNFqJGNYw13VY2tpBRaoCmJs5abxsTNWoBORqqpdSahczEg3Uy0CjjIJBg6J1Q/s400/cigarette-component.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">heart attacks</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">strokes</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</span> (COPD) (including <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">emphysema</span>and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic bronchitis</span>), and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer</span> (particularly <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung cancer</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancers of the larynx and mouth</span>, and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">pancreatic cancer</span>). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">hypertension</span>. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">tar</span> increases the risk of these diseases. Cigarettes sold in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">underdeveloped countries</span> tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.The <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">World Health Organization</span> (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.Similarly, the United States <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span> describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">genetic mutations</span>. There are over 19 known chemical <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">carcinogens</span> in cigarette smoke. Tobacco also contains <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine</span>, which is a highly addictive <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">psychoactive</span>chemical. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance for <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)</span>. The result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">hypoxic</span> conditions, thus increasing the chance of accidental <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">asphyxiation</span>.Incidence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">impotence</span> is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and is a key factor causing <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">erectile dysfunction</span> (ED).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_effects">Health effects</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: justify; width: 222px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_837935615"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nicotine_stains10.JPG/220px-Nicotine_stains10.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="275" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right; font-size: 11px;"></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Nicotine stains on primarily the 2nd and 3rd fingers in a heavy smoker.</b></div></span></div></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Tobacco use most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lungs</span>, with smoking being a major risk factor for <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">heart attacks</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span> (COPD),<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">emphysema</span>, and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer</span>, particularly <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung cancer</span>, cancers of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">larynx</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">mouth</span>, and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">pancreatic cancer</span>. Overall life expectancy is also reduced in regular smokers, with estimates ranging from 10 to 17.9 years fewer than nonsmokers. About two thirds of male smokers will die of illness due to smoking. The association of smoking with lung cancer is strongest, both in the public perception and etiologically. People who have smoked tobacco at some point have about a one in ten chance of developing lung cancer during their lifetime. If one looks at men who continue to smoke tobacco, the risk increases to one in six.Historically, lung cancer was considered to be a rare disease prior to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">World War I</span> and was perceived as something most physicians would never see during their career. With the postwar rise in popularity of cigarette smoking came a virtual epidemic of lung cancer.A person's increased <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">risk</span> of contracting disease is directly proportional to the length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked. However, if someone stops smoking, then these chances gradually decrease as the damage to their body is repaired. A year after quitting, the risk of contracting heart disease is half that of a continuing smoker.The health risks of smoking are not uniform across all smokers. Risks vary according to amount of tobacco smoked, with those who smoke more at greater risk. Light smoking is still a health risk. Likewise, smoking "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risks.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mortality">Mortality</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.4 to 14.3 years of life, respectively.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">According to the results of a 14 year study of 34,486 male British doctors, at least half of all life-long smokers die earlier as a result of smoking.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smokers are three times as likely to die before the age of 60 or 70 as non-smokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In the United States alone, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke accounts for roughly one in five,or at at least 443,000 premature deaths annually.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">"In the United States alone, tobacco kills the equivalent of three <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">jumbo jets</span> full of people crashing every day, with no survivors, 365 days of the year." -ABC's <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Peter Jennings</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span></span>On a worldwide basis, it's 1 jumbo jet per hour, 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year. -WHO </div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cancer">Cancer</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung cancer</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">kidney cancer</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer of the larynx</span> and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">head and neck</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">breast cancer</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">bladder cancer</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer of the esophagus</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer of the pancreas</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span></span>and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">stomach cancer</span>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.answer-my-health-question.info/images/smoking-and-health-problems-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="317" src="http://www.answer-my-health-question.info/images/smoking-and-health-problems-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">There is some evidence suggesting an increased risk of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">myeloid leukaemia</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">squamous cell sinonasal cancer</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">liver cancer</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cervical cancer</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">colorectal cancer</span>, cancers of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">the gallbladder</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">the adrenal gland</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">the small intestine</span>, and various childhood cancers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pulmonary">Pulmonary</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Secondhand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">respiratory infections</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">asthma</span>.Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease risk by 25–30% and their lung cancer risk by 20–30%. Secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause 38,000 deaths per year, of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer in non-smokers.In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke such as<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">carbon monoxide</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cyanide</span>, and so forth—, are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">alveoli</span>, leading to emphysema and COPD. The carcinogen acrolein and its derivatives also contribute to the chronic inflammation present in COPD.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://archives.drugabuse.gov/newsroom/03/PET9-08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="http://archives.drugabuse.gov/newsroom/03/PET9-08.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</span> (COPD) caused by smoking, known as tobacco disease, is a permanent, incurable reduction of pulmonary capacity characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">sputum</span>, and damage to the lungs, including <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">emphysema</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic bronchitis</span>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts its <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">negative effects</span>by reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking also increases the chance of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">heart disease</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">stroke</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">atherosclerosis</span>, and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">peripheral vascular disease</span>. Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a blockage, and thus a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">heart attack</span> or <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">stroke</span>. According to a study by an international team f <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">researchers,</span> people under 40 are five times more likely to have a heart attack if they smoke.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://cigarettezoom.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Effects-after-smoking.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://cigarettezoom.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Effects-after-smoking.png" width="380" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Latest research of the American biologists have determined that cigarette smoke also influences the process of cell division in the cardiac muscle and changes the heart's shape.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The usage of tobacco has also been linked to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Buerger's disease</span> (<i>thromboangiitis obliterans</i>) the acute inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px; white-space: nowrap;">.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The current Surgeon General’s Report concluded that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Even short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">platelets</span> to become stickier, damage the lining of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">blood vessels</span>, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart rate variability, potentially increasing the risk of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">heart attack</span>. New research indicates that private research conducted by cigarette company <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Philip Morris</span> in the 1980s showed that secondhand smoke was toxic, yet the company suppressed the finding during the next two decades.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Although cigarette smoking causes a greater increase of the risk of cancer than cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health problems, including cancer, when compared to non-smokers.As for Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS, or "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Second-hand Smoking</span>"), the NIH study points to the large amount of smoke generated by one cigar, saying "cigars can contribute substantial amounts of tobacco smoke to the indoor environment; and, when large numbers of cigar smokers congregate together in a cigar smoking event, the amount of ETS produced is sufficient to be a health concern for those regularly required to work in those environments."</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the ratio of high-density lipoprotein (the "good" cholesterol) to low-density lipoprotein (the "bad" cholesterol) tends to be lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking also raises the levels of fibrinogen and increases platelet production (both involved in blood clotting) which makes the blood viscous. Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells), resulting in a much stabler complex than haemoglobin bound with oxygen or carbon dioxide—the result is permanent loss of blood cell functionality. Blood cells are naturally recycled after a certain period of time, allowing for the creation of new, functional erythrocytes. However, if carbon monoxide exposure reaches a certain point before they can be recycled, hypoxia (and later death) occurs. All these factors make smokers more at risk of developing various forms of arteriosclerosis. As the arteriosclerosis progresses, blood flows less easily through rigid and narrowed blood vessels, making the blood more likely to form a thrombosis (clot). Sudden blockage of a blood vessel may lead to an infarction (stroke). However, it is also worth noting that the effects of smoking on the heart may be more subtle. These conditions may develop gradually given the smoking-healing cycle (the human body heals itself between periods of smoking), and therefore a smoker may develop less significant disorders such as worsening or maintenance of unpleasant dermatological conditions, e.g. eczema, due to reduced blood supply. Smoking also increases blood pressure and weakens blood vessels.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Renal">Renal</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In addition to increasing the risk of kidney cancer, smoking can also contribute to additional <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">renal</span> damage. Smokers are at a significantly increased risk for <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic kidney disease</span> than non-smokers.A history of smoking encourages the progression of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">diabetic nephropathy</span>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Influenza">Influenza</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">A study of an outbreak of A(H1N1) influenza in an Israeli military unit of 336 healthy young men to determine the relation of cigarette smoking to the incidence of clinically apparent influenza, revealed that, of 168 smokers, 68.5 percent had influenza, as compared with 47.2 percent of nonsmokers. Influenza was also more severe in the smokers; 50.6 percent of the smokers lost work days or required bed rest, or both, as compared with 30.1 percent of the nonsmokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">According to a study of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compared with nonsmokers heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day), had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (less than 20 cigarettes per day) had 10% more illnesses and 7% more bed rest.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The effect of cigarette smoking upon epidemic influenza was studied prospectively among 1,811 male college students. Clinical influenza incidence among those who daily smoked 21 or more cigarettes was 21% higher than that of non-smokers. Influenza incidence among smokers of 1 to 20 cigarettes daily was intermediate between non-smokers and heavy cigarette smokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Surveillance of a 1979 influenza out-break at a military base for women in Israel revealed that, Influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking seems to cause a higher relative influenza-risk in older populations than in younger populations. In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, during 1993, of unimmunized people 23% of smokers had clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population. However the proportion of influenza cases in the general non-smoking population attributable to smokers has not yet been calculated.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Oral"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_837935615">Oral</a></span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">oral cancer</span>. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. The <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">National Institutes of Health</span>, through the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">National Cancer Institute</span>, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">oral cavity</span> (lip, tongue, mouth, throat),<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">esophagus</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">larynx</span>, and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung</span>."<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Pipe</span> smoking involves significant health risks, particularly oral cancer. Roughly half of<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">periodontitis</span> or inflammation around the teeth cases are attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco causes <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">gingival recession</span> and white <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">mucosal lesions</span>. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can be extended to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers.Smoking has been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Halitosis</span> or bad breath is common among tobacco smokers.Tooth loss has been shown to be 2to 3 times<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span></span>higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may further include <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">leukoplakia</span>, the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, and a loss of taste sensation or <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">salivary</span> changes.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Infection"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_837935615">Infection</a></span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Tobacco is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly in the lungs. Smoking more than 20 <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cigarettes</span> a day increases the risk of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">tuberculosis</span> by two to four times, and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.It is believed that smoking increases the risk of these and other pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both through structural damage and through effects on the immune system. The effects on the immune system include an increase in CD4+ cell production attributable to nicotine, which has tentatively been linked to increased <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">HIV</span> susceptibility.The usage of tobacco also increases rates of infection: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">common cold</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">bronchitis</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">emphysema</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic bronchitis</span> in particular.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking reduces the risk of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Kaposi's sarcoma</span> in people without <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">HIV infection</span>.One study found this only with the male population and could not draw any conclusions for the female participants in the study.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Impotence">Impotence</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Incidence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">impotence</span> is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and it is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED).Smoking causes impotence because it promotes <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">arterial narrowing</span>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Female_infertility">Female infertility</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking is harmful to the ovaries, potentially causing <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">female infertility</span>, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere with the body’s ability to create <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">estrogen</span>, a hormone that regulates <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">folliculogenesis</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">ovulation</span>. Also, cigarette smoking interferes with folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and the uterine myometrium.Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage. Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.Smoking reduces the chances of IVF producing a live birth by 34% and increases the risk of an IVF pregnancy miscarrying by 30%.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychological">Psychological</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">"Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However, the stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus, the apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal." </div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Immediate_effects">Immediate effects</span></h4><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Users report feelings of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">relaxation</span>, sharpness, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">calmness</span>, and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">alertness</span> Those new to smoking may experience <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nausea</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">dizziness</span>, and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">rapid heart beat</span>. The unpleasant symptoms will eventually vanish over time, with repeated use, as the body builds a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">tolerance</span> to the chemicals in the cigarettes, such as <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine</span>.</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Stress">Stress</span></h4><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smokers report higher levels of everyday stress. Several studies have monitored feelings of stress over time and found reduced stress after quitting.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The deleterious mood effects of abstinence explain why smokers suffer more daily stress than non-smokers, and become less stressed when they quit smoking. Deprivation reversal also explains much of the arousal data, with deprived smokers being less vigilant and less alert than non-deprived smokers or non-smokers.</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_and_behavioral">Social and behavioral</span></h4><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Medical researchers have found that smoking is a predictor of divorce. Smokers have a 53% greater chance of divorce than nonsmokers.</div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cognitive_function">Cognitive function</span></h4><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The usage of tobacco can also create cognitive dysfunction. There seems to be in increased risk of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Alzheimer's disease</span>, although "case–control and cohort studies produce conflicting results as to the direction of the association between smoking and AD". Smoking has been found to contribute to dementia and cognitive decline,reduced memory and cognitive abilities in adolescents, and brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://shocking-news.org/images/news/health/smoking_effects_on_your_health.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://shocking-news.org/images/news/health/smoking_effects_on_your_health.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In many respects, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine</span> acts on the nervous system in a similar way to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">caffeine</span>. Some writings have stated that smoking can also increase mental <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">concentration</span>; one study documents a significantly better performance on the normed <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Advanced Raven Progressive Matrices test</span> after smoking.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Most smokers, when denied access to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine</span>, exhibit symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, and rapid heart beat. The onset of these symptoms is very fast, nicotine's half-life being only 2 hours. Withdrawal symptoms can appear even if the smoker's consumption is very limited or irregular, appearing after only 4–5 cigarettes in most adolescents. An ex-smoker's chemical dependence to nicotine will cease after approximately ten to twenty days, although the brain's number of nicotine receptors is permanently altered, and the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">psychological</span> dependence may linger for months or even many years. Unlike some <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">recreational drugs</span>, nicotine does not measurably alter a smoker's <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">motor skills</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">judgement</span>, or <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">language</span> abilities while under the influence of the drug. Tobacco withdrawal has been shown to cause clinically significant distress.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Most notably, some studies have found that patients with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Alzheimer's disease</span> are more likely not to have smoked than the general population, which has been interpreted to suggest that smoking offers some protection against Alzheimer's. However, the research in this area is limited and the results are conflicting; some studies show that smoking increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. A recent review of the available scientific literature concluded that the apparent decrease in Alzheimer risk may be simply because smokers tend to die before reaching the age at which Alzheimer normally occurs. "Differential mortality is always likely to be a problem where there is a need to investigate the effects of smoking in a disorder with very low incidence rates before age 75 years, which is the case of Alzheimer's disease," it stated, noting that smokers are only half as likely as non-smokers to survive to the age of 80.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Former and current smokers have a lower incidence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Parkinson's disease</span> compared to people who have never smoked,although the authors stated that it was more likely that the movement disorders which are part of Parkinson's disease prevented people from being able to smoke than that smoking itself was protective. Another study considered a possible role of nicotine in reducing Parkinson's risk: nicotine stimulates the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">dopaminergic</span> system of the brain, which is damaged in Parkinson's disease, while other compounds in tobacco smoke inhibit <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">MAO-B</span>, an enzyme which produces oxidative radicals by breaking down dopamine.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">A very large percentage of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">schizophrenics</span> smoke tobacco as a form of self medication. The high rate of tobacco use by the mentally ill is a major factor in their decreased life expectancy, which is about 25 years shorter than the general population. Following the observation that smoking improves condition of people with schizophrenia, in particular working memory deficit, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine patches</span> had been proposed as a way to treat schizophrenia.Some studies suggest that a link exists between smoking and mental illness, citing the high incidence of smoking amongst those suffering from <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">schizophrenia</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"> </span></span>and the possibility that smoking may alleviate some of the symptoms of mental illness, but these have not been conclusive.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Recent studies have linked smoking to anxiety disorders, suggesting the correlation (and possibly mechanism) may be related to the broad class of anxiety disorders, and not limited to just depression. Current and ongoing research attempt to explore the addiction-anxiety relationship.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Data from multiple studies suggest that anxiety disorders and depression play a role in cigarette smoking.A history of regular smoking was observed more frequently among individuals who had experienced a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">major depressive disorder</span> at some time in their lives than among individuals who had never experienced major depression or among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis.People with major depression are also much less likely to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">quit</span> due to the increased risk of experiencing mild to severe states of depression, including a major depressive episode.Depressed smokers appear to experience more withdrawal symptoms on quitting, are less likely to be successful at quitting, and are more likely to relapse.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Evidence suggests that non-smokers are up to twice as likely as smokers to develop <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Parkinson's disease</span> or <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Alzheimer's disease</span>.A plausible explanation for these cases may be the effect of nicotine, a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cholinergic</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">stimulant</span>, decreasing the levels of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">acetylcholine</span> in the smoker's brain; Parkinson's disease occurs when the effect of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">dopamine</span> is less than that of acetylcholine. In addition, nicotine stimulates the mesolimbic dopamine pathway (as do other drugs of abuse), causing an effective increase in dopamine levels. Opponents counter by noting that consumption of pure nicotine may be as beneficial as smoking without the risks associated with smoking, although this is unlikely due to the importance of the MAO-B inhibitor compounds of tobacco in preventing neurodegenerative diseases.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_pregnancy">In pregnancy</span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newlatesttips.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/smoking-in-pregnancy-Smoking-Effects-Smoking-Kills-Children.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.newlatesttips.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/smoking-in-pregnancy-Smoking-Effects-Smoking-Kills-Children.gif" width="131" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">miscarriages</span> among <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">pregnant</span> smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus. This can especially be a problem with women who have family history of smoking and live in a smoke filled environment. Women who quit smoking and then return to it also develop an increased sensitivity to the effects of smoking on their fetus. Once a woman who was previously a smoker quits and then returns to it while pregnant, the increased sensitivty to it has a very high chance of suffocating the fetus over a period of days in a slow process eventually causing a misscarriage with a heavy flow to it. Continued smoking after this can cause a woman to become completely infertile altogether preventing them from ever being able to have children by causing permanent damage. Every cigarette smoked after the miscarriage increase the chances of infertility as well as being around second hand smoke. Second-hand smoke appears to present an equal danger to the fetus, as one study noted that "heavy<i>paternal</i> smoking increased the risk of early pregnancy loss."</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_harm">Other harm</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Studies suggest that smoking decreases appetite, but did not conclude that overweight people should smoke or that their health would improve by smoking. This is also a cause of heart diseases. However due to some new processes of treating tobacco, especially in the case of cigarette, heavy smokers tend to become overweight as the processing involves large quantities of starch. This effect is not seen in occasional smokers.Smoking also decreases weight by overexpressing the gene <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">AZGP1</span> which stimulates <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lipolysis</span>.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking causes about 10% of the global burden of fire deaths,and smokers are placed at an increased risk of injury-related deaths in general, partly due to also experiencing an increased risk of dying in a motor vehicle crash.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Smoking increases the risk of symptoms associated with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Crohn's disease</span> (a dose-dependent effect with use of greater than 15 cigarettes per day).There is some evidence for decreased rates of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">endometriosis</span> in infertile smoking women,although other studies have found that smoking increases the risk in infertile women.There is little or no evidence of a protective effect in fertile women. Some preliminary data from 1996 suggested a reduced incidence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">uterine fibroids</span>,but overall the evidence is unconvincing.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">New research has found that women who smoke are at significantly increased risk of developing an abdominal <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">aortic</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">aneurysm</span>, a condition in which a weak area of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">abdominal</span> aorta expands or bulges<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;">.</span></span></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits">Benefits</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The risk of symptoms associated with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">ulcerative colitis</span> has been frequently shown to be reduced by smokers on a dose-dependent basis; the effect is eliminated if the individual stops smoking.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Preliminary reports suggest that smoking can decrease the incidence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">acne</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">prophylactically</span>. This was seen by a decreased percentage ratio of patients needing acne medication versus the percentage of entire population of smokers. (A smaller percentage of patients who smoked needed medication than found in the population as a whole).</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Several types of "Smoker’s Paradoxes", (cases where smoking appears to have specific beneficial effects), have been observed; often the actual mechanism remains undetermined.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Nicotine may help enhance memory ,although there have been studies proving that smoking speeds up memory loss in middle age individuals.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Particular_forms_of_tobacco_use">Particular forms of tobacco use</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://cigarettesnews.typepad.com/.a/6a013483a2008b970c01543408be00970c-800wi" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://cigarettesnews.typepad.com/.a/6a013483a2008b970c01543408be00970c-800wi" width="400" /></a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chewing_tobacco">Chewing tobacco</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Chewing tobacco</span> has been known to cause <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer</span>, particularly of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">mouth</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">throat</span>. According to the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">International Agency for Research on Cancer</span>, "Some health scientists have suggested that smokeless tobacco should be used in smoking cessation programmes and have made implicit or explicit claims that its use would partly reduce the exposure of smokers to carcinogens and the risk for cancer. These claims, however, are not supported by the available evidence." Oral and spit tobacco increase the risk for <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">leukoplakia</span> a precursor to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">oral cancer</span>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cigars">Cigars</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Like other forms of tobacco use, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cigar</span> smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks are greater for those who inhale more when they smoke, smoke more cigars, or smoke them longer. The risk of dying from any cause is significantly greater for cigar smokers, with the risk particularly higher for smokers less than 65 years old, and with risk for moderate and deep inhalers reaching levels similar to cigarette smokers.Little cigars are commonly inhaled and likely pose the same health risks as cigarettes. The increased risk for those smoking 1–2 cigars per day is too small to be statistically significant, and the health risks of the 3/4 of cigar smokers who smoke less than daily are not known and are hard to measure; although it has been claimed that people who smoke few cigars have no increased risk, a more accurate statement is that their risks are proportionate to their exposure. Health risks are similar to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cigarette</span>smoking in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">nicotine</span> addiction, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">periodontal</span> health, tooth loss, and many types of cancer, including cancers of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">mouth</span>, throat, and<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">esophagus</span>. Cigar smoking also can cause cancers of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">larynx</span>, where the increased risk is less than that of cigarettes. Many of these cancers have extremely low cure rates. Cigar smoking also increases the risk of lung and heart diseases such as <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</span>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hookahs">Hookahs</span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.health-orbit.com/images/smoking-forms1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.health-orbit.com/images/smoking-forms1.jpg" /></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">A common belief among users is that the smoke is significantly less dangerous than that from cigarettes. The water moisture induced by the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">hookah</span> makes the smoke less irritating and may give a false sense of security and reduce concerns about true health effects.Doctors at institutions including the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Mayo Clinic</span> have stated that use of hookah can be as detrimental to a person's health as smoking cigarettes, and a study by the World Health Organization also confirmed these findings</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Each hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke. In an hour-long smoking session of hookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke of a single cigarette; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. A study in the <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Journal of Periodontology</span></i> found that water pipe smokers were five times more likely than non-smokers to show signs of gum disease. People who smoked water pipes had five times the risk of lung cancer of non-smokers.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">A study on hookah smoking and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer</span> in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Pakistan</span> was published in 2008. Its objective was "to find serum <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">CEA</span> levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">bidis</span>, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions". Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a marker found in several forms of cancer. Levels in exclusive hookah smokers were lower compared to cigarette smokers although the difference was not statistically significant between a hookah smoker and a non-smoker. Also the study concluded that heavy hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day ; >2 hrs to ≤ 6 hours) substantially raises CEA levels.A recent study published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (Koul PA et al. Hookah Smoking and Lung Cancer in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian SubcontinentAsian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12, 519-524; doi.) documented that hookah smokers were nearly 6-times at risk for development of lung cancer as compared to healthy non-smokers in Kashmir (India). Hookah in Kashmir has some peculiar features in having a direct contact of the live embers with the burning tobacco thus resulting in high temperatures that augments the production of carcinogenic products from tobacco burning. Additionally water in the hookah base is not changed after every session that renders the water contaminated to a greater degree and thus a possible source of dissolved carcinogens.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Snuff">Snuff</span></h3><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Users of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">snuff</span> are believed to face less cancer risk than smokers, but are still at greater risk than people who do not use any tobacco products. They also have an equal risk of other health problems directly linked to nicotine such as increased rate of<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">atherosclerosis</span>.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The late-19th century invention of automated cigarette-making machinery in the American South made possible mass production of cigarettes at low cost, and cigarettes became elegant and fashionable among society men as the Victorian era gave way to the Edwardian. In 1912, American Dr. Isaac Adler was the first to strongly suggest that lung <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">cancer</span> is related to smoking. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Dresden</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Germany</span>, published a formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer-tobacco link, based on a study showing that <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">lung cancer</span> sufferers were likely to be smokers.Lickint also argued that tobacco use was the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than women (since women smoked much less).</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Prior to World War I, lung cancer was considered to be a rare disease, which most physicians would never see during their career.With the postwar rise in popularity of cigarette smoking, however, came an epidemic of lung cancer.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Smokingheltheffect.gif/800px-Smokingheltheffect.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="349" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Smokingheltheffect.gif/800px-Smokingheltheffect.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">Smoking heltheffects summary</h1></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In 1950, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial;">Richard Doll</span> published research in the <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">British Medical Journal</span></i> showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954, the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">British Doctors Study</span>, a study of some 40,000 doctors over 20 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.The British Doctors Study lasted until 2001, with results published every ten years and final results published in 2004 by Doll and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Richard Peto</span>. Much early research was also done by <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Alton Ochsner</span>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Reader's Digest</span> magazine for many years published frequent anti-smoking articles. In 1964, the United States <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Surgeon General</span>'s<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Report on Smoking and Health</span>, led millions of American smokers to quit, the banning of certain advertising, and the requirement of warning labels on tobacco products.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The Canadian province of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">British Columbia</span> has the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Tobacco Damages and Health Care Costs Recovery Act</span>.</div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-87290669012017124872011-10-30T01:29:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.347-08:00Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani asks int’l community to help repatriate 3 million Afghan refugees<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwvBhjpmskC-CLs6G5p3uTRYHXldYbGgY5uU1sbbsz0E9X-xHfVQuXvrAWvfvHRmC3_74Dq9hBkfsNRhRVgeIZzho2pRhvdTmDn5g_klGZed-mnoTxKwZwwR0oXmOsOxoJwhHBCutgDdc/s1600/Prime-Minister-Yousuf-Raza-Gilani01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwvBhjpmskC-CLs6G5p3uTRYHXldYbGgY5uU1sbbsz0E9X-xHfVQuXvrAWvfvHRmC3_74Dq9hBkfsNRhRVgeIZzho2pRhvdTmDn5g_klGZed-mnoTxKwZwwR0oXmOsOxoJwhHBCutgDdc/s320/Prime-Minister-Yousuf-Raza-Gilani01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: justify;"><b>Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani</b> Saturday urged the world community to help shift the three million Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan back to Afghanistan, to stop illegal cross border movement and prevent spread of the crippling Polio disease.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“They need to go back ... the relief centres have to be in Afghanistan,” Gilani told a press conference along with Prime Minister of United Kingdom David Cameron, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Australian Prime Minister had invited a select group of Heads of State and Governments from the countries where Polio was still prevalent, or who were funding campaigns for the eradication of the crippling disease.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prime Minister Gilani said the world seems to have forgotten the plight of millions of Afghans who were living in shanty make-shift homes and camps in Pakistan, years after the withdrawal of the troops of United Soviet Socialist Republic from Afghanistan as decades of continuing conflict in their country had deterred them to return.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prime Minister Gilani said it was hard for Pakistan to check the illegal movement across the over 2000 km long border with Afghanistan and added that he was preventing his country from eradication of the disease. He said Pakistan had managed to eliminate the disease, but regretted that it resurfaced in the past seven years with 132 new cases reported. “This situation is totally unacceptable. We have launched a National Emergency Action Plan for Polio eradication and to interrupt transmission of the virus in Pakistan by the end of 2011,” he said.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gilani attributed the resurfacing of Polio to the ongoing cross-border movement and difficulties in administrating Polio drops to the children living in camps and villages in the inhospitable terrain along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Over 40,000 people cross the Pak-Afghan border daily. Polio remains endemic in four countries, three of which are members of the Commonwealth - India, Nigeria, and Pakistan, besides Afghanistan.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gilani also pointed to the influence of the extremist elements in these areas who were preventing administration of the vaccine. He said government of Pakistan was seeking help of the religious scholars to convince the “fanatics” about the importance of vaccine. He said Pakistan was launching a three-day campaign every three months to administer anti-polio drops to 33 million children across the country.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He said the government was committed to the cause and had designated Aseefa Bhutto Zardari as the Goodwill Ambassador, as she was the first child to have received the drops from her mother late Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, when the campaign was launched for the first time in Pakistan.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gilani informed the other leaders that a Polio Monitoring Cell at the PM Secretariat has been set up, with similar setups at provincial, district and local levels were working to mobilize community.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He said it was being done in close coordination with the UNICEF and WHO. “We hope to see positive outcome by December this year,” he said and pointed that the task ahead was daunting. “But we remain determined to eradicate this virus and protect every child in Pakistan from the scourge of Polio.”</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Australian government announced a commitment of 50 million Australian Dollars to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI).</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Nigerian government pledged an increase from 2011 of a planned $17 million to an annual contribution of $30 million starting in 2012. The Gates Foundation pledged an additional $40 million to GPEI for the remainder of 2011.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">British Prime Minister David Cameron said his country had provided 540 million Pounds Sterling so far to fight the disease and said 8 million people today were able to walk around without any problem only because they got the vaccine on time. “With the availability of the vaccine, there is no excuse in eliminating it,” he said and warned “if we fail to get rid of polio, we run the risk of seeing it spread back to countries from which it has been eradicated.”</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cameron said Pakistan was the single largest aid recipient of the United Kingdom and the UK government was working closely with it and Afghanistan to stop the terrorists on either side of the Pak-Afghan border.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said Australia has long term commitment in Afghanistan and will stay there in some form till the end of decade as it does not want the country become a centre of terrorism.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prime Minister Julia Gillard said the new funding of 50 million Australian Dollars, over four years to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) would help purchase vaccines, monitor outbreaks, and respond when and where needed.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">She said Australia’s support will help take the final steps to achieve worldwide polio eradication and applauded the leadership shown by India, Nigeria, and Pakistan in their ongoing efforts to eradicate polio.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper said his country would commit further funds for polio surveillance and immunizations and said its funding in Afghanistan has helped make 85 per cent population safe from Polio.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bill Gates joined the leaders via video to announce a new US$40 million contribution to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) on behalf of the Gates Foundation and in support of the Commonwealth commitments.</div><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Significant progress has been made over the past two decades to reduce the number of polio cases by 99 per cent since the GPEI was launched in 1988. Increasing routine immunization around the world has helped reduce the number of child deaths from 12.4 million in 1990 to 7.6 million in 2010.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Source---MSN.Pk</b></div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-31750970917829086542011-10-06T00:19:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.480-08:00Australian Star Finches Pics and Informations & Wallpapers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhleNuylvfC9SrDf-SrwXIlEMabZ_5ql3u1NlAhOyi6lajJHWrrzX5W26pQpQNwu9UV67P8G7JbnunL6bilvhIrwF0Jnu3uba4NAG8FDEvSUnzFdTAlGnaXOG3Q3hdvjZZ1zlpzc1WbEbc/s1600/Gouldian+and+Longtail+Finches+Drinking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhleNuylvfC9SrDf-SrwXIlEMabZ_5ql3u1NlAhOyi6lajJHWrrzX5W26pQpQNwu9UV67P8G7JbnunL6bilvhIrwF0Jnu3uba4NAG8FDEvSUnzFdTAlGnaXOG3Q3hdvjZZ1zlpzc1WbEbc/s1600/Gouldian+and+Longtail+Finches+Drinking.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldian and Longtail Finches Drinking</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6j9BFKPl8Px4FgVhkLB8RUzBSkzrenKxhnwQXXU55a-51PpQ2JXOqMAXn5jkxVo-Z-rRnHhkPnQUwmAZG38w1u__xcjya7EUNgztjQC8UYaeIH4N_fKc1IxTWDriIlxMWzuyAUzjtnDk/s1600/Gouldian+Family+with+Star+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6j9BFKPl8Px4FgVhkLB8RUzBSkzrenKxhnwQXXU55a-51PpQ2JXOqMAXn5jkxVo-Z-rRnHhkPnQUwmAZG38w1u__xcjya7EUNgztjQC8UYaeIH4N_fKc1IxTWDriIlxMWzuyAUzjtnDk/s1600/Gouldian+Family+with+Star+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldian Family with Star Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJAoxorn8oNkZOGYla29N-msLkw8QbQJt_h2qwA8YMvQMznuPs9HiEl_dBv1-7HKOoD8vZ1594bZMeubJOjumqqq-hpSYT1L51yEVmiAjgR31WpkoKhwVpS2CjWKfhyiSwRtGk7bvYj8/s1600/Yellow+Head+Gouldian+Finch+Drinking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJAoxorn8oNkZOGYla29N-msLkw8QbQJt_h2qwA8YMvQMznuPs9HiEl_dBv1-7HKOoD8vZ1594bZMeubJOjumqqq-hpSYT1L51yEVmiAjgR31WpkoKhwVpS2CjWKfhyiSwRtGk7bvYj8/s1600/Yellow+Head+Gouldian+Finch+Drinking.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldian Family with Star Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1sFuKBZL5hGVXZfnsN9rfde4ZmIgwYAV_gESOCiRPgdxm9vGfWmwl58IOv2baCOWMU94glU6qjK22t3QzhaHqBEx0eNn7Jex2EDLuVWXFCW2WoZchWgiBJFMvp_q9Q0PczCNtOGdiUA/s1600/Black+Head+Gouldian+Hen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1sFuKBZL5hGVXZfnsN9rfde4ZmIgwYAV_gESOCiRPgdxm9vGfWmwl58IOv2baCOWMU94glU6qjK22t3QzhaHqBEx0eNn7Jex2EDLuVWXFCW2WoZchWgiBJFMvp_q9Q0PczCNtOGdiUA/s1600/Black+Head+Gouldian+Hen.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #afae80; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><strong style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Black Head Gouldian Hen</span></strong></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJtLSsNWu31aqZBykO6IIv-Eeb6ihZJKsyVFYfd5wL83XO4ss3lcSZmj5wkZZzhQQcsru6QtcmSECiOZOJGbMDHV3EFYVMHCeB89NPqCpH-FRax98xFbXWfGnbSI7TQItMp1qzpl-LG8/s1600/Adult+and+Juvenile+Star+Finches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJtLSsNWu31aqZBykO6IIv-Eeb6ihZJKsyVFYfd5wL83XO4ss3lcSZmj5wkZZzhQQcsru6QtcmSECiOZOJGbMDHV3EFYVMHCeB89NPqCpH-FRax98xFbXWfGnbSI7TQItMp1qzpl-LG8/s1600/Adult+and+Juvenile+Star+Finches.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Adult and Juvenile Star Finches</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGAOmlBi-2GV29nWG81BvOtiuPhL1pIwWBjTT1zpKjVzADvDEO6wiufqOo02Ufo8mNH8kLcBeXU-w9TozmD1uhoADWoev58NAhgggW6gIdmaTV0gaKlUBAB-03rtDFFDymY9_740QhFV8/s1600/Budgerigars+Drink+with+Masked+Finch+and+Gouldians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGAOmlBi-2GV29nWG81BvOtiuPhL1pIwWBjTT1zpKjVzADvDEO6wiufqOo02Ufo8mNH8kLcBeXU-w9TozmD1uhoADWoev58NAhgggW6gIdmaTV0gaKlUBAB-03rtDFFDymY9_740QhFV8/s1600/Budgerigars+Drink+with+Masked+Finch+and+Gouldians.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Budgerigars Drink with Masked Finch and Gouldians</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZjo6EKUjdlx9I7S8DXq_oG4Gf_2IoVSpLdY594XoH3G4rEHkAW5k028wptiQmIusAn-hOjgi2g10sEKAyaEhZRiSpiSrCgOkQ8e1zDlpwaLog0S9ROLJJHJMLVdktS3MZAq1IsqSwY/s1600/Gouldian+Finch+Scouting+the+Water+Hole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZjo6EKUjdlx9I7S8DXq_oG4Gf_2IoVSpLdY594XoH3G4rEHkAW5k028wptiQmIusAn-hOjgi2g10sEKAyaEhZRiSpiSrCgOkQ8e1zDlpwaLog0S9ROLJJHJMLVdktS3MZAq1IsqSwY/s1600/Gouldian+Finch+Scouting+the+Water+Hole.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldian Finch Scouting the Water Hole</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9xIchSBcYlHQb41pmPHj2afguvzRFI5rqGe_VZiZqUU55XmH-BuyXG8y1MLCR1hLIrd2cEHcy4h0F_6uWDELt27IgqrluuZOG3_YRwBh7k2f7AmRS1rbjKGlKoe3R1JJ_Yw6LQzMYtNU/s1600/Bee+Eaters+Working+a+Water+Hole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9xIchSBcYlHQb41pmPHj2afguvzRFI5rqGe_VZiZqUU55XmH-BuyXG8y1MLCR1hLIrd2cEHcy4h0F_6uWDELt27IgqrluuZOG3_YRwBh7k2f7AmRS1rbjKGlKoe3R1JJ_Yw6LQzMYtNU/s1600/Bee+Eaters+Working+a+Water+Hole.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bee Eaters Working a Water Hole</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzKu4EyVkAugZ57c6y93okjfsFtmy2XzcYKT2gyLrCxjAKB87MLqg-eycIoxaf8eiZoKzkYsE0oiuod09yxnQAh-tTo9_SBjnXUaqKdMrFp2_P_PV2ugb1vUG8TZ6ZTD2O9PV95D5ipgg/s1600/Proud+Gouldian+Poses+for+Camera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzKu4EyVkAugZ57c6y93okjfsFtmy2XzcYKT2gyLrCxjAKB87MLqg-eycIoxaf8eiZoKzkYsE0oiuod09yxnQAh-tTo9_SBjnXUaqKdMrFp2_P_PV2ugb1vUG8TZ6ZTD2O9PV95D5ipgg/s1600/Proud+Gouldian+Poses+for+Camera.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Proud Gouldian Poses for Camera</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiajdob6gEIo86yWZpkfws1bs6_9rF5KfWzFXvtBWPvGDDKnhpbeT9g2hZ5397hYx7e0fUw7UMk-fSShwf8z5tdjAfCJv00FlmIqv0hsJ4K6IcrpHt6iy7EBS-vDAR7G4X-5Zpuo5Qo2Y0/s1600/Star+Finch+with+Owl+and+Longtail+Finches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiajdob6gEIo86yWZpkfws1bs6_9rF5KfWzFXvtBWPvGDDKnhpbeT9g2hZ5397hYx7e0fUw7UMk-fSShwf8z5tdjAfCJv00FlmIqv0hsJ4K6IcrpHt6iy7EBS-vDAR7G4X-5Zpuo5Qo2Y0/s1600/Star+Finch+with+Owl+and+Longtail+Finches.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Proud Gouldian Poses for Camera</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2b4JWdnGVurSxatWR22SSoq7nWMR1UCUgQndjQJ7oiz3FXKSO3hc0xlPYG3vkCmv2fXSVxH21P9v_1kc03E-RB0Kq1oUoLew_d_oXbaEJYYKBkVvjLeDHdk6cqyaZu4JdxblVNuTx9Rg/s1600/Star+Finches+Wait+in+Reeds+to+Drink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2b4JWdnGVurSxatWR22SSoq7nWMR1UCUgQndjQJ7oiz3FXKSO3hc0xlPYG3vkCmv2fXSVxH21P9v_1kc03E-RB0Kq1oUoLew_d_oXbaEJYYKBkVvjLeDHdk6cqyaZu4JdxblVNuTx9Rg/s1600/Star+Finches+Wait+in+Reeds+to+Drink.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Star Finches Wait in Reeds to Drink</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mB6J4lncUgu2aMJAlgAsUKwjB5wUGZFY5NztPZZonCt_NEus1pPpnHg2LIKjPOUcba0qU0CT-DWinGoXZiKDmf2S6V7cA-W53JsaKj61P1Eee9Uu5pH30-Y-sGUX6Za4nGLmNA71YbQ/s1600/Double+Bar+Finch+Drinks+with+Gouldians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mB6J4lncUgu2aMJAlgAsUKwjB5wUGZFY5NztPZZonCt_NEus1pPpnHg2LIKjPOUcba0qU0CT-DWinGoXZiKDmf2S6V7cA-W53JsaKj61P1Eee9Uu5pH30-Y-sGUX6Za4nGLmNA71YbQ/s1600/Double+Bar+Finch+Drinks+with+Gouldians.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Double Bar Finch Drinks with Gouldians</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglezTa1GF7Pz0eDPoklMls2OsD7k8pea66Z4U25HQ-OrIUDu6kRGf3pzAkEONvXV4J3A65wq2XvcVd6o6DEewTnyhmW66_AZxLBPYR9WC2RAnp74oxvFPxJmLMX-m6pnZeEUG5YyOK0Mg/s1600/Yellow+Rumped+and+Chestnut+Breasted+Mannikins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglezTa1GF7Pz0eDPoklMls2OsD7k8pea66Z4U25HQ-OrIUDu6kRGf3pzAkEONvXV4J3A65wq2XvcVd6o6DEewTnyhmW66_AZxLBPYR9WC2RAnp74oxvFPxJmLMX-m6pnZeEUG5YyOK0Mg/s1600/Yellow+Rumped+and+Chestnut+Breasted+Mannikins.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Yellow Rumped and Chestnut Breasted Mannikins</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEty3gtqSeTwP_GhnCh6VirgTk1KNooqIcxM6NoI7OU1Gpf894lgldx-PsCJPcHFZejg2u0vgMrmRqgpkef9FMXOy_E-pkPfsJ7crAtgaFKunRk8L2k3VXGHV_BfHvV8c2uwZMEexiMI/s1600/Chestnut+Breasted+and+Yellow+Rumped+Mannikins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEty3gtqSeTwP_GhnCh6VirgTk1KNooqIcxM6NoI7OU1Gpf894lgldx-PsCJPcHFZejg2u0vgMrmRqgpkef9FMXOy_E-pkPfsJ7crAtgaFKunRk8L2k3VXGHV_BfHvV8c2uwZMEexiMI/s400/Chestnut+Breasted+and+Yellow+Rumped+Mannikins.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Chestnut Breasted and Yellow Rumped Mannikins</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdCoDc1JZ_HUCSuEJlMoJZqn_F5x-rCFsOK_6QpnRX1xeDWzQiaaIapI7J5qYYWU0y4gssL2H4u4hY1QMwbXMiYCHW71ELeFh4WK-upku8ev-r1fqZR6dcHvjJZnHvhIpoQ88poI9CLo/s1600/Yellow+Rumped+Mannikins+with+Longtail+Finches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdCoDc1JZ_HUCSuEJlMoJZqn_F5x-rCFsOK_6QpnRX1xeDWzQiaaIapI7J5qYYWU0y4gssL2H4u4hY1QMwbXMiYCHW71ELeFh4WK-upku8ev-r1fqZR6dcHvjJZnHvhIpoQ88poI9CLo/s1600/Yellow+Rumped+Mannikins+with+Longtail+Finches.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Yellow Rumped Mannikins with Longtail Finches</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCAQicygPttaYbScri_LLkSbIhMeb3tJjxyoTSTtWn8zPjSetU6lIcVYULZ-Y3sNVn2Ko5AzKxX4gXqhBZdzJTif582v4_sgE-rVnhw3zwO1g2Tx2qmF_ajf8jsM24DkVEoo0TQYj9miY/s1600/Owl+Finch+Drinks+with+Longtail+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCAQicygPttaYbScri_LLkSbIhMeb3tJjxyoTSTtWn8zPjSetU6lIcVYULZ-Y3sNVn2Ko5AzKxX4gXqhBZdzJTif582v4_sgE-rVnhw3zwO1g2Tx2qmF_ajf8jsM24DkVEoo0TQYj9miY/s1600/Owl+Finch+Drinks+with+Longtail+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Owl Finch Drinks with Longtail Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstaNGyBgcGi8sf6Cqkfktmfe9lPP20lznrgohg8p0M6Sy_jQvLJCvZ4h4gjfiEZx-klGAdEcMjmdUIyir5FedD4k5_NbZdSgpuKjbuW-04xsEYXqCXjTY9nD3ze8J_ZntYzTbm_-2G2s/s1600/Budgie+and+Black+Head+Gouldian+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstaNGyBgcGi8sf6Cqkfktmfe9lPP20lznrgohg8p0M6Sy_jQvLJCvZ4h4gjfiEZx-klGAdEcMjmdUIyir5FedD4k5_NbZdSgpuKjbuW-04xsEYXqCXjTY9nD3ze8J_ZntYzTbm_-2G2s/s1600/Budgie+and+Black+Head+Gouldian+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Budgie and Black Head Gouldian Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUa8SKPRgNqWdz5kCra59NvnUSKEfbWCtuBe8yQKiGCC8PZGGA-8YiP7LQk9085skXYtrFj9ZSs94xemL8U1M894ntiODrr8ZN7F0MnKuEmxGd1qaaJVj2Gd9JHWnIafUwUGhIrsAxe94/s1600/Gouldians+Drinking+with+Masked+and+Longtail+Finches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUa8SKPRgNqWdz5kCra59NvnUSKEfbWCtuBe8yQKiGCC8PZGGA-8YiP7LQk9085skXYtrFj9ZSs94xemL8U1M894ntiODrr8ZN7F0MnKuEmxGd1qaaJVj2Gd9JHWnIafUwUGhIrsAxe94/s1600/Gouldians+Drinking+with+Masked+and+Longtail+Finches.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldians Drinking with Masked and Longtail Finches</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAC54DY3IznHRO0hVyWitEUygyLRwJmE7dwcHJEBI0lgiGhnzhJfiGDgTypJshqGGIpVcMFdLGaLofGfr70rOIWRhHhITtUJL_wuxbemgKV7MhUMCe2V_5y58044XFuDXMSvzZKcD08CY/s1600/Longtail+Finch+with+Zebra+Finch+Hen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAC54DY3IznHRO0hVyWitEUygyLRwJmE7dwcHJEBI0lgiGhnzhJfiGDgTypJshqGGIpVcMFdLGaLofGfr70rOIWRhHhITtUJL_wuxbemgKV7MhUMCe2V_5y58044XFuDXMSvzZKcD08CY/s1600/Longtail+Finch+with+Zebra+Finch+Hen.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Longtail Finch with Zebra Finch Hen</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0zNPMy-omcrVMJZ8tSKbr7kod9sT9SnFI41yh1RGhaGrDlBQhh7agr18yCSkBntP2wCFbsK5FMeIsCdu-4_I9FZ9CvcrUxo5B_MgVctb09cuU2MdFZ1HyfMSIJbtFq7bau7OqqOVN9e4/s1600/Zebra+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0zNPMy-omcrVMJZ8tSKbr7kod9sT9SnFI41yh1RGhaGrDlBQhh7agr18yCSkBntP2wCFbsK5FMeIsCdu-4_I9FZ9CvcrUxo5B_MgVctb09cuU2MdFZ1HyfMSIJbtFq7bau7OqqOVN9e4/s1600/Zebra+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Zebra Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB9PKImnlfQhVAxUnA-WJeQFBs2WNwxF6mGS69IdGwWa1krY563h9NL1g7PeIcK1tcm5fLY5NXXtWQwvpL9n3rq9UPMvI_MPdcoErAhkapFxWpLk3RNs0nhsVi59S8uJPHkA3d0-rlrM/s1600/Budgerigars+and+Gouldians+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB9PKImnlfQhVAxUnA-WJeQFBs2WNwxF6mGS69IdGwWa1krY563h9NL1g7PeIcK1tcm5fLY5NXXtWQwvpL9n3rq9UPMvI_MPdcoErAhkapFxWpLk3RNs0nhsVi59S8uJPHkA3d0-rlrM/s1600/Budgerigars+and+Gouldians+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Budgerigars and Gouldians Waiting to Drink</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwTzkB0BJTz28IOkAYtMGlagpJSDeYwVQEu9I_BhhSyJGEBsy8ZMrUZorgo24y1_XjwQNYkjhdc1hVHSbMo3ypmU7fE22m-Q1_9SF1Dz8F1jrYSHMfQ1d74teHdAkRbK-sjQzt7yPak3k/s1600/Longtail+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwTzkB0BJTz28IOkAYtMGlagpJSDeYwVQEu9I_BhhSyJGEBsy8ZMrUZorgo24y1_XjwQNYkjhdc1hVHSbMo3ypmU7fE22m-Q1_9SF1Dz8F1jrYSHMfQ1d74teHdAkRbK-sjQzt7yPak3k/s1600/Longtail+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Longtail Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg576uZiUZKS70H_PyldWLWx_9c0UbKXMgXHrLtKsucKWIRyKREwz8imFdIKoJymPm7Hwq3aZU1Zi_Ji9Vmo_Eb8LAovhkWbVxXsSmbNHmhhmVDgbr9W1n2bjc5Jdxbr4LhAO_LU5CfVME/s1600/Longtail+Finches+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg576uZiUZKS70H_PyldWLWx_9c0UbKXMgXHrLtKsucKWIRyKREwz8imFdIKoJymPm7Hwq3aZU1Zi_Ji9Vmo_Eb8LAovhkWbVxXsSmbNHmhhmVDgbr9W1n2bjc5Jdxbr4LhAO_LU5CfVME/s1600/Longtail+Finches+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Longtail Finches Waiting to Drink</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJiazXtxEn5M5-ZKP2Y5fHjAbC9gjh76dYvBFxWFeSIgHJ009rFPue9OXEv52cKre8ftu_VUDmvgXi5MbAQ_2z4BRNmzFkDyHzdbnu_wMe2k7AUtj7rVNernSbuM5yYs3qVVf7UcnHwbk/s1600/Star+Finch+and+Gouldian+Hen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJiazXtxEn5M5-ZKP2Y5fHjAbC9gjh76dYvBFxWFeSIgHJ009rFPue9OXEv52cKre8ftu_VUDmvgXi5MbAQ_2z4BRNmzFkDyHzdbnu_wMe2k7AUtj7rVNernSbuM5yYs3qVVf7UcnHwbk/s1600/Star+Finch+and+Gouldian+Hen.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Star Finch and Gouldian Hen.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjELRJc8vBwBUpL3Rfhl9795N4s7vsor271VmC57IQKjPal5VBbvinzS9G5S5cpeyWxq9XccXb3BfF_oWnTDmG37rsLUcgyP3bJ8ehWsrgfn20gTWF96pQipoTy4EigyP4UqSmINPduFVo/s1600/Adult+and+Juvenile+Gouldians+Drinking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjELRJc8vBwBUpL3Rfhl9795N4s7vsor271VmC57IQKjPal5VBbvinzS9G5S5cpeyWxq9XccXb3BfF_oWnTDmG37rsLUcgyP3bJ8ehWsrgfn20gTWF96pQipoTy4EigyP4UqSmINPduFVo/s1600/Adult+and+Juvenile+Gouldians+Drinking.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Adult and Juvenile Gouldians Drinking</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-1S-cCzW3-RcOpkeBB_vXVIa5XrEoEvtetdDqBAAcbAFmB8P0rwR3UVckWyAkcirnxXmnZsgmcS6_zDLJV-Ik9M3BT2gzlf79k3IfNgBXY7UPeyFndbfDqRYHZXZLDkaKIdiUehv5uac/s1600/Red+Head+Gouldian+Surveys+the+Territory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-1S-cCzW3-RcOpkeBB_vXVIa5XrEoEvtetdDqBAAcbAFmB8P0rwR3UVckWyAkcirnxXmnZsgmcS6_zDLJV-Ik9M3BT2gzlf79k3IfNgBXY7UPeyFndbfDqRYHZXZLDkaKIdiUehv5uac/s1600/Red+Head+Gouldian+Surveys+the+Territory.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Red Head Gouldian Surveys the Territory</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgir8CTrrfpeMc8QISOH5B3ge6Dsi179wi0L9xQX6N2tcsXeIxY_2149ZMBNFQY1NtgnJlPOg0LE1lghnj1iE-XTFQDFR09JAD9CV6DLEsGcUT1OzRjgm7GbfdqfADQvIlamUNVlVUF4uk/s1600/Owl+Finch+Reflection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgir8CTrrfpeMc8QISOH5B3ge6Dsi179wi0L9xQX6N2tcsXeIxY_2149ZMBNFQY1NtgnJlPOg0LE1lghnj1iE-XTFQDFR09JAD9CV6DLEsGcUT1OzRjgm7GbfdqfADQvIlamUNVlVUF4uk/s1600/Owl+Finch+Reflection.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Owl Finch Reflection</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_txMoP-2igLxwHhTK5jWfEJ7DYGj-yCtv0QMvEedydfPlOz1vVur3r3eJqDtG0Eff3AV2ylL6MNhlXnwb5YnHOcQnicdvWhEEjoEfoWRpqZJNhm2siGJ-vSlaAAaqeTK8dmurpbHutc/s1600/Double+Bar+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_txMoP-2igLxwHhTK5jWfEJ7DYGj-yCtv0QMvEedydfPlOz1vVur3r3eJqDtG0Eff3AV2ylL6MNhlXnwb5YnHOcQnicdvWhEEjoEfoWRpqZJNhm2siGJ-vSlaAAaqeTK8dmurpbHutc/s1600/Double+Bar+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Double Bar Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2cPp1jM2FGKekLlmgaNlPYip9HrtSdKsvVNa5Br1Ga0id0QOyU-i45Afa1G4FXRyAlJIAFrIrtGjAuVRGha4DvKM6UHCuQW-BLlyoPBy2vDLb9FHiJv_vjHrNwKxWc6oyTxJ8CbB8MGY/s1600/Flight+and+Water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2cPp1jM2FGKekLlmgaNlPYip9HrtSdKsvVNa5Br1Ga0id0QOyU-i45Afa1G4FXRyAlJIAFrIrtGjAuVRGha4DvKM6UHCuQW-BLlyoPBy2vDLb9FHiJv_vjHrNwKxWc6oyTxJ8CbB8MGY/s1600/Flight+and+Water.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Flight and Water.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5xE9ROnFmybWwnLKoK2UC9uyItZ9HRBSJMKDrRW96MNSiAmCu5V9BYSJTcPOaJbfL6ZAHibeuxh4N7Rqjpm-FAImJa80ioRRsDIk2NXYwFIZPKlr_Ckt05NsmpO2c1GQMkxB1qA0jiE/s1600/Masked+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5xE9ROnFmybWwnLKoK2UC9uyItZ9HRBSJMKDrRW96MNSiAmCu5V9BYSJTcPOaJbfL6ZAHibeuxh4N7Rqjpm-FAImJa80ioRRsDIk2NXYwFIZPKlr_Ckt05NsmpO2c1GQMkxB1qA0jiE/s1600/Masked+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Masked Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZum3lQOysWd8Z0DnVP9ZlNmoK_GbU7GO9A2XT0NOxZA9ZT3lntUSr5BLiM7xZpStoVbcup57PjaaXH2smLw2SNJsnpxBF0sElhxGdXEv9DEFt8l_B8yyT_4AVwZ4YdzeH4vuEF0jgG7U/s1600/Black+Head+Gouldian+and+Longtails+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZum3lQOysWd8Z0DnVP9ZlNmoK_GbU7GO9A2XT0NOxZA9ZT3lntUSr5BLiM7xZpStoVbcup57PjaaXH2smLw2SNJsnpxBF0sElhxGdXEv9DEFt8l_B8yyT_4AVwZ4YdzeH4vuEF0jgG7U/s1600/Black+Head+Gouldian+and+Longtails+Waiting+to+Drink.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Black Head Gouldian and Longtails Waiting to Drink</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaWa-ESyuJkkSeMKwsOBeAP4Rbx8xb-kS5ZcRJtJDaQ4f5gqKP38-NjLkYQK_0l1AmpZOXrTzcPEyzU5DZ24MlpOljxKr230vlVCdHILSQewFyLfQHwg3ABc9vvbtnHqmbiZTeOVBW2Jw/s1600/Longtail+and+Owl+Finch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaWa-ESyuJkkSeMKwsOBeAP4Rbx8xb-kS5ZcRJtJDaQ4f5gqKP38-NjLkYQK_0l1AmpZOXrTzcPEyzU5DZ24MlpOljxKr230vlVCdHILSQewFyLfQHwg3ABc9vvbtnHqmbiZTeOVBW2Jw/s1600/Longtail+and+Owl+Finch.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Longtail and Owl Finch</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaraZlj81uqPph2Ta5UKqkzwdDy76DqTyigA3JAIbZF1OJwKxKLNTK6tdY_ZZOK_6iU5T9A9vhu37azmbDjzuP57jS0-Q2F2iGzJussFUqn1ygF10Nic3gM5n1mhNxGjXajgzIjUPbCqA/s1600/Gouldian+Group+at+Water+Hole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaraZlj81uqPph2Ta5UKqkzwdDy76DqTyigA3JAIbZF1OJwKxKLNTK6tdY_ZZOK_6iU5T9A9vhu37azmbDjzuP57jS0-Q2F2iGzJussFUqn1ygF10Nic3gM5n1mhNxGjXajgzIjUPbCqA/s1600/Gouldian+Group+at+Water+Hole.jpg" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gouldian Group at Water Hole</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-31746186716974051592011-10-05T23:46:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.585-08:00Australian Star Finches<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrEwwa9uSZgs55J5srwROssLGBLxFdM57vqA_XfJv6emFexEpV2BpBeYU5POXLY-R44qgdGkgO6WuUP5ps2Z02hnRjhf9qdbokrjhYkEMpF_nzzdNsBrUnYoJy-BD5m6eiU4wE2DPxEJA/s1600/220px-Neochmia_ruficauda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrEwwa9uSZgs55J5srwROssLGBLxFdM57vqA_XfJv6emFexEpV2BpBeYU5POXLY-R44qgdGkgO6WuUP5ps2Z02hnRjhf9qdbokrjhYkEMpF_nzzdNsBrUnYoJy-BD5m6eiU4wE2DPxEJA/s1600/220px-Neochmia_ruficauda.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <b>Star Finch</b> <i>Neochmia ruficauda</i> is a species of estrildid finch found in Australia. It inhabits dry grassland and dry savanna habitats.</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><br /><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Subspecies">Subspecies</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It has three subspecies:</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Neochmia ruficauda subclarescens</i> (inhabits in three separate subpopulations, from <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Pilbara</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Fitzroy River Valley</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Gibb River</span>, Western Australia to the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Northern Territory</span>/ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Queensland</span>border.)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Neochmia ruficauda clarescens</i> (located on the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Cape York Peninsula</span>)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda</i> (probably extinct)</span></li></ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Threats">Threats</span></span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjke4c6NQHvLYWGl6JcvShmjoJGAQH7cLjOCBUb2Mk_tF7Vr0ihT5PHVqpxzacrrsxO0rUvc4TcdmAq8ke_aU7eIyO8iLBt5MNmGyPt6LsWusiMSSKMXvGP8Rh04b6VdiwSZd7f23K6sLs/s1600/StarFinch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjke4c6NQHvLYWGl6JcvShmjoJGAQH7cLjOCBUb2Mk_tF7Vr0ihT5PHVqpxzacrrsxO0rUvc4TcdmAq8ke_aU7eIyO8iLBt5MNmGyPt6LsWusiMSSKMXvGP8Rh04b6VdiwSZd7f23K6sLs/s320/StarFinch.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The habitat of Star Finch is threatened by overgrazing of grasslands, removing essential cover, as well as sources of food. Selective grazing of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">perennials</span> during the dry season may also remove grasses that are needed for survival during the wet season. Burning of grassland during the dry season may reduce the fallen seed during the wet season and thus reduce the food supply needed by Star Finch. This species is also threatened by cage-bird trades.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Availability">Availability</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite the Star Finch having been listed as <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Near Threatened</span> in the wild it is a common <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">aviary</span>bird. This species has mutations such as the Yellow & Cinnamon varieties.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Origin and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">phylogeny</span> has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvnwK7ophuSirOW1zqzAUxCQNgjFwLJmbIJAwBIlk1LH0ktjL-2-D_ibwUwUtsqhp0Erv0SzSwumGWzTfwArYhZhLg8Bxa1I_4usWZU3pM0scycfaxqAJFeHTy1haD5pv0w01zvuNaeY/s1600/2m2f+stars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvnwK7ophuSirOW1zqzAUxCQNgjFwLJmbIJAwBIlk1LH0ktjL-2-D_ibwUwUtsqhp0Erv0SzSwumGWzTfwArYhZhLg8Bxa1I_4usWZU3pM0scycfaxqAJFeHTy1haD5pv0w01zvuNaeY/s400/2m2f+stars.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-45462387070641460972011-10-05T04:15:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.715-08:002012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1xKoJiPB0xi1_qjJ2-PxqUhMK9Z3sq_njUNFrTeNsSXNw8mcv0xoAxMwjwV2Jg4XZrv0CtRbCsPqjnUH2nhJaNdE3aJGsIOHHomnMZXjJYKqHaaLei7uxo2jujWIsq0x2EppbPr1mDM/s1600/2012-Harley-Davidson-Dyna-FLD-Switchback-Two-in-One-Cruiser-Motorcycle-wallpaper-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1xKoJiPB0xi1_qjJ2-PxqUhMK9Z3sq_njUNFrTeNsSXNw8mcv0xoAxMwjwV2Jg4XZrv0CtRbCsPqjnUH2nhJaNdE3aJGsIOHHomnMZXjJYKqHaaLei7uxo2jujWIsq0x2EppbPr1mDM/s400/2012-Harley-Davidson-Dyna-FLD-Switchback-Two-in-One-Cruiser-Motorcycle-wallpaper-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_hI_hEqPyD3VnhgwFD2_ikK_UudVc5aFIaaq2yxwEy-2C9mwYTYgRvgqfC5ZkNH4k_32NYyeYZKg60RMdeRG3p7IiwEIpBcCrPRUTQgOamnYIFmBOxWawSYCltVpOXMZkIWNOONIImE/s1600/Enfield_by_Rajputana_Customs_3_c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_hI_hEqPyD3VnhgwFD2_ikK_UudVc5aFIaaq2yxwEy-2C9mwYTYgRvgqfC5ZkNH4k_32NYyeYZKg60RMdeRG3p7IiwEIpBcCrPRUTQgOamnYIFmBOxWawSYCltVpOXMZkIWNOONIImE/s1600/Enfield_by_Rajputana_Customs_3_c.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0TW4aQrrD7_glAVNvKvWDDRN4B9EzlNJo74_8t5VwWpJEweJDb1UyHSsJK12fTh-rfptiI8HuEwjFQV_W23Ba7bo-W_QvtbOs8yPYrNBDNjIK34z0C8JSluEqe8YiVlBVzs38SKEbkDg/s1600/Harley-Davidson-FLD-Dyna-Switchback-2012_b1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0TW4aQrrD7_glAVNvKvWDDRN4B9EzlNJo74_8t5VwWpJEweJDb1UyHSsJK12fTh-rfptiI8HuEwjFQV_W23Ba7bo-W_QvtbOs8yPYrNBDNjIK34z0C8JSluEqe8YiVlBVzs38SKEbkDg/s400/Harley-Davidson-FLD-Dyna-Switchback-2012_b1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGkkQfaFx7yoRaoyPI2VxkP4BckG1_gb0yGc6yzeKU9pReATYKAyo5OvfZ5L5WxGHLBa8ibRWB2abW9dk4v0zsk8E45DybAc0UCcHhffWHUxalu2gSggID4Rg6LAYZb_dlkJ_3WSK1o98/s1600/2012-Harley-Davidson-FLD-DynaSwitchback-448x298.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGkkQfaFx7yoRaoyPI2VxkP4BckG1_gb0yGc6yzeKU9pReATYKAyo5OvfZ5L5WxGHLBa8ibRWB2abW9dk4v0zsk8E45DybAc0UCcHhffWHUxalu2gSggID4Rg6LAYZb_dlkJ_3WSK1o98/s400/2012-Harley-Davidson-FLD-DynaSwitchback-448x298.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRPwLZ3kYm2Hm2XRR9T0SWhW_XQRYnG_QxrkEnA8P1A0mXTFjSUVOY98F2-fPdkMw1sGwmHNaB8rh2RQGboarJVdtrt2yzzqHXLhX-GpXWbP6hNBaNgg2yPAD7JcsCP6_yLbwFd4wHDQ/s1600/2012-Harley-Davidson-Sportster-883.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRPwLZ3kYm2Hm2XRR9T0SWhW_XQRYnG_QxrkEnA8P1A0mXTFjSUVOY98F2-fPdkMw1sGwmHNaB8rh2RQGboarJVdtrt2yzzqHXLhX-GpXWbP6hNBaNgg2yPAD7JcsCP6_yLbwFd4wHDQ/s400/2012-Harley-Davidson-Sportster-883.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVP3cY6fNM5KNaoaCcvARSyYuUTV1Bkk0tkadA7KtTS6EHWlc8hcIbYGXnh8ymwB3HXBQf6dZL_g6HnezFwULewU13Km1LtokSvzqVjbWf1VaE7wRTy23SzQ_7HCkoMUqqnIeQ8EaSSI/s1600/99799205_d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVP3cY6fNM5KNaoaCcvARSyYuUTV1Bkk0tkadA7KtTS6EHWlc8hcIbYGXnh8ymwB3HXBQf6dZL_g6HnezFwULewU13Km1LtokSvzqVjbWf1VaE7wRTy23SzQ_7HCkoMUqqnIeQ8EaSSI/s640/99799205_d.jpg" width="377" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKAyc69m_cV5eDBSMWAW6OkGUa6x440iBobe-H86-Rmx8EVZ7vRZ8NaLErnY57bZqx_L0JKVQrxCKXLU4d8AC7ymtUX61RZZrf8zDxgfLB3HJ3z-yoeAMceP8l3bw9PQAYvm4pBBGpUYI/s1600/HARL0306.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKAyc69m_cV5eDBSMWAW6OkGUa6x440iBobe-H86-Rmx8EVZ7vRZ8NaLErnY57bZqx_L0JKVQrxCKXLU4d8AC7ymtUX61RZZrf8zDxgfLB3HJ3z-yoeAMceP8l3bw9PQAYvm4pBBGpUYI/s400/HARL0306.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO17ahkAApXNp9SBNxlA3vGlYeNZlOP1V9fj0HRH5a8ITXocLcK4SQDlBbGc4dF3ul-qUo2eXnu2FdlFOd_o7-pLnuo9n1KJm0JBtA2fPvrf8-E9HiL-wM936oM4T0Befk-Pj-HwZFMQo/s1600/2012-Harley-Davidson-FLD-DynaSwitchback-Vivid-Black.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO17ahkAApXNp9SBNxlA3vGlYeNZlOP1V9fj0HRH5a8ITXocLcK4SQDlBbGc4dF3ul-qUo2eXnu2FdlFOd_o7-pLnuo9n1KJm0JBtA2fPvrf8-E9HiL-wM936oM4T0Befk-Pj-HwZFMQo/s400/2012-Harley-Davidson-FLD-DynaSwitchback-Vivid-Black.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnQNht9-i8VBrh5j5iITZI-3PCoMMFVVoSgz4rvojuTnvEkajeillr0rKGoOz1MyiQ-Dmm66PJhpwIazUtZibG7inGATrlQmD6ANQ_ExE0Tktvx7wXth19a5U1dyhnZ8nC6JkdJdPlUs/s1600/40821781_d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnQNht9-i8VBrh5j5iITZI-3PCoMMFVVoSgz4rvojuTnvEkajeillr0rKGoOz1MyiQ-Dmm66PJhpwIazUtZibG7inGATrlQmD6ANQ_ExE0Tktvx7wXth19a5U1dyhnZ8nC6JkdJdPlUs/s640/40821781_d.jpg" width="427" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9q7rB_uMIToUAn99n3YpdfHrqoawH9cnGcUJKX72Y3pjf6ojpdGzqCOI46dw-0-Aw9O4AXcwW89SPDpptQqsF6miCBZ0n4MwyB5zRTNRaWD4H_8zrXqaUGQ3TOTCMUn441rIrHB52dvY/s1600/Harley-Davidson-FLD-Dyna-Switchback-2012_b1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9q7rB_uMIToUAn99n3YpdfHrqoawH9cnGcUJKX72Y3pjf6ojpdGzqCOI46dw-0-Aw9O4AXcwW89SPDpptQqsF6miCBZ0n4MwyB5zRTNRaWD4H_8zrXqaUGQ3TOTCMUn441rIrHB52dvY/s400/Harley-Davidson-FLD-Dyna-Switchback-2012_b1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"></span><br /><div><div class="notheme"><div class="tabbing-header" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><span class="tab-heading" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2012 Harley-Davidson FLD Switchback </span></span> Full Specification</u></b></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_pnlBody" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Engine Description</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">1690</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Bore X Stroke</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">98.4 X 4</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Compression Ratio</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">9.6:1</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl03_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Valves per Cylinder</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl03_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">2</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl04_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Cooling</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl04_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Air</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl05_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Starter</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl05_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Electric</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl06_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Lubrication</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl06_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Dry Sump</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: capitalize;">Transmission</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"></span><br /><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl07_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Maximum Torque</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl02_dgProps_ctl07_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">126</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_pnlBody" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Clutch</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Wet, Multi Plate</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Primary Drive</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Chain, 34/46 Ratio</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: capitalize;">Brake</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Final Drive</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl03_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Belt, 32/66 Ratio</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_pnlBody" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Brake</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Expansion Rotor, Floating, ABS</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Brake Calliper</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Four Piston</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Brake Diameter</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">300</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl03_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Brake</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl03_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Single Disc</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl04_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Brake Calliper</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl04_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Double Piston</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: capitalize;">Suspension/Frame</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl05_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Brake Diameter</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl04_dgProps_ctl05_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">292</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_pnlBody" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Frame Meterial</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Mild steel, tublar frame, rectangular section backbone, stamped, cast & forged junctions, forged frender supports, MIG welded</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Suspension</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Telescopic Forks, 41.3mm, triple rate spring, 20mm cartridge dampening</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Suspension Travel</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">98</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl03_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Suspension</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl03_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Nitrogen charged 36mm monotube dampers with 5 step preload, adjustable dual rate spring, retro cigar-tube chrome covers</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: capitalize;">Wheels And Tyres</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl04_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Suspension Travel</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl05_dgProps_ctl04_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">54</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_pnlBody" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Front Tyre</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">D402F 130/70B18 63H</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Wheel Size Front</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">18x3.5"</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rear Tyre</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">D401 160/70B17 73H</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl03_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Wheel Size Rear</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl03_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">17x4.5"</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: capitalize;">Dimension/Capacity</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="bikes-details-containter" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; padding-top: 10px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl04_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Wheel Type</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl06_dgProps_ctl04_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">Black 5-spoke Cast Aluminum with highlighted rim</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="notheme" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif;"><div class="detail-properties bh_collapsible-container" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_pnlContainer" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="bh_collapsible-body" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_pnlBody" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="prop-list" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 396px;"><tbody><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl00_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Dry Weight</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl00_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">320</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl01_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Fuel Tank Capacity</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl01_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">17.8</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl02_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Fuel Reserve Capacity</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl02_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">3.4</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl03_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Length (mm)</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl03_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">2360</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl04_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Width (mm)</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl04_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">930</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl05_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Wheel Base (mm)</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl05_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">1595</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl06_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Height (mm)</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl06_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">1385</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item-alt" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl07_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Rake</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl07_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">29.9</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="item" style="background-color: #efefef; font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><table border="0" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl08_tblItem" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 394px;"><tbody><tr><td class="label" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 120px;">Trail</td><td class="value" id="ctl08_p_d_ctl06_ctl02_ctl01_ctl05_ctl07_dgProps_ctl08_tdValue" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, helvetica, san-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;">148</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-7795659456906516552011-10-05T04:03:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.825-08:002001 Hino Hino Ranger 50<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMdsq2gt8A2Mwf3kPQgHcadfvS_Lok9AW8yOCvtVj7Zj1PYOdhlbhLPVF42WCODnI3ZA-mUNONvaVwqpGzlawCL8kSDWZVoaU9qddLlWL_MSgce1nQQmChmijDPxcy4tTbKoi0fjtJ18/s1600/gc4957810633193661222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMdsq2gt8A2Mwf3kPQgHcadfvS_Lok9AW8yOCvtVj7Zj1PYOdhlbhLPVF42WCODnI3ZA-mUNONvaVwqpGzlawCL8kSDWZVoaU9qddLlWL_MSgce1nQQmChmijDPxcy4tTbKoi0fjtJ18/s400/gc4957810633193661222.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2001 Hino Hino Ranger 50</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n8FT6XMAdwXFmzNq4bC-HWbU1BPL95J6sr4fpoIER1wIq72jvCRWbzj7UNozwM9kbWduNZZpyDHq7pMdHc_40Ur68yvyukCfcJEsC4EsSessiUMMBdCngdfQfWc1KDn9VWlEIh_nxrg/s1600/gc5121479037710092196.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n8FT6XMAdwXFmzNq4bC-HWbU1BPL95J6sr4fpoIER1wIq72jvCRWbzj7UNozwM9kbWduNZZpyDHq7pMdHc_40Ur68yvyukCfcJEsC4EsSessiUMMBdCngdfQfWc1KDn9VWlEIh_nxrg/s400/gc5121479037710092196.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2001 Hino Hino Ranger 50</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98qO6Aw66aDHDLY8JazRiYOaPh9hT7TKLt6c9Ncwvq2RBs5MMo6VjS-NaeSZUThfQSVd4V5mwtXl4d3tR4pklbXuXhmYYIFQOTFUOSSbGgMh6-uM9Onp8g_ReTLk4lyWQw5o7WJ4aeZc/s1600/gc5667628070529890646.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98qO6Aw66aDHDLY8JazRiYOaPh9hT7TKLt6c9Ncwvq2RBs5MMo6VjS-NaeSZUThfQSVd4V5mwtXl4d3tR4pklbXuXhmYYIFQOTFUOSSbGgMh6-uM9Onp8g_ReTLk4lyWQw5o7WJ4aeZc/s400/gc5667628070529890646.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2001 Hino Hino Ranger 50</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DuMe940X8Ne-IH8XdeQo3hKfH95nzBC7pzlroibeMq0RlZ1446V59VB1FvcagmTNPsPk3ephhDkURn_HMIpHPs9WO2Ug5psmaOIkjaROhF4RH5ieWjE8w08cD_IfUeaJn32N1ucjxFM/s1600/01w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DuMe940X8Ne-IH8XdeQo3hKfH95nzBC7pzlroibeMq0RlZ1446V59VB1FvcagmTNPsPk3ephhDkURn_HMIpHPs9WO2Ug5psmaOIkjaROhF4RH5ieWjE8w08cD_IfUeaJn32N1ucjxFM/s400/01w.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2001 Hino Hino Ranger 50</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"></span><br /><div class="csn-properties" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="header pmg-gd2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #29527b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; height: 25px; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-transform: capitalize;">Engine</b></div><div class="body" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table class="pmg-bd2" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: inherit; table-layout: fixed; text-align: justify; width: 307px;"><tbody><tr><td class="term Engine Number" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: left; text-transform: capitalize; vertical-align: top; width: 120px; word-wrap: break-word;">Engine Number</td><td class="definition Engine Number" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">K13CTF11676</td></tr><tr class=" alt" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><td class="term Engine Power" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: left; text-transform: capitalize; vertical-align: top; width: 120px; word-wrap: break-word;">Engine Power</td><td class="definition Engine Power" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">360</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="csn-properties" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="header pmg-gd2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #29527b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; height: 25px; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-transform: capitalize;">Description</b></div><div class="body" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table class="pmg-bd2" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(41, 82, 123); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: inherit; table-layout: fixed; text-align: justify; width: 307px;"><tbody><tr><td class="Description" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; vertical-align: top; word-wrap: break-word;">2001 Hino prime mover good condition with Ferrari 722 ah crane fitted lifting<br />21.420 mtrs lift 410 kg with winch lifting.low 320,000 klm full service history<br />well maintain.Hard to find similar unit with crane set up and capacity.<br />10 yr crane inspection can be arranged.Ready for work.<br />Attachments:<br />- Ferrari 722ah<br />- 21.420 reach<br />- 410kg @21.420 mtrs<br />Condition: GOOD<br />Axles,wheels,tyres: 8X2<br />Configuration: PRIME MOVER</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">Price ;$120,000*</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-4719136887143670972011-10-05T03:02:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:06.926-08:00Total S.A --Top Oil Company Detail Information<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br /><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Total.svg/130px-Total.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Total.svg/130px-Total.svg.png" width="159" /></a></div><b>Total S.A.</b> is a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">French</span> multinational oil company and one of the six "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Supermajor</span>" oil companies in the world.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">crude oil</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">natural gas</span> exploration and production to <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">power generation</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">transportation</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">refining</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">petroleum</span> product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Total is also a large-scale <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chemicals</span> manufacturer. The company has its head office in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Tour Total</span> in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">La Défense</span> district in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Courbevoie</span>, near<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Paris</span>.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br /><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: justify; width: 222px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TotalPlazaHouston.JPG/220px-TotalPlazaHouston.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Total Plaza</span>, the headquarters of the subsidiary <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Total Petrochemicals USA</span>, in<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Downtown</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Houston</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">The company was founded after World War I after the French Prime Minister <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Raymond Poincaré</span> rejected the idea of forming a partnership with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Royal Dutch Shell</span> in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier enlisted the support of ninety banks and companies to found Total on 28 March 1924, as the <i><b>Compagnie française des pétroles</b></i> (CFP), literally the "French Petroleum Company". Petroleum was seen as vital in the case of a new war with Germany. However, the company was from the start a <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">private sector</span> company (it was listed on the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Paris Stock Exchange</span> for the first time in 1929). CFP took up the 23.75% share of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Deutsche Bank</span> in the Turkish Petroleum Company (renamed the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Iraq Petroleum Company</span>), awarded to France as compensation for war damages caused by Germany during <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">World War I</span> by the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">San Remo conference</span>.</span><br /><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">In 1991 the company name became simply <b>Total</b>. After Total's <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">takeover</span> of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Petrofina</span> in 1999, it became known as <b>Total Fina</b>. Afterwards it also acquired <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Elf Aquitaine</span>. First named <b>TotalFinaElf</b> after the merger in 2000, it was later renamed back to <b>Total</b> in May 2003.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Tour-Total.jpg/220px-Tour-Total.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Tour Total</span>, the Paris headquarters in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">La Défense</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="211" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Big_Oil.svg/220px-Big_Oil.svg.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;">Chart of the major <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">energy</span> companies dubbed "Big Oil" sorted by latest published revenue</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"></span><br /><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">As of 2010, Total had over 96,000 employees and operated in more than 130 countries As recently as 1992, the French government still held 5% of the firm's shares, down from a peak of over thirty percent.In the time period between 1990 and 1994, foreign ownership of the firm increased from 23 per cent to 44 per cent.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Senior_management">Senior management</span></span></h2><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Christophe de Margerie has been <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">chief executive</span> since 14 February 2007. His total annual compensation for this role is €2,746,335, consisting of a €1,250,000 salary and €1,496,335 bonus.</span></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Organisation">Organisation</span></span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_segments">Business segments</span></span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://ceoworld.biz/ceo/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Total-SA-french.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ceoworld.biz/ceo/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Total-SA-french.jpg" /></a></span></div><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Upstream">Upstream</span></span></h4><ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Exploration and Production</span></li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Gas and Power</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Solar</li></span></ul><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Downstream">Downstream</span></span></h4><ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Refining & marketing</span></li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Trading & shipping</li></span></ul><h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemicals">Chemicals</span></span></h4><ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Total Petrochemicals</span></li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Fertilizers</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Resins, adhesives and electroplating</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Cray Valley</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Sartomer</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Cook Composites & Polymers</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Atotech</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Bostik</span></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Elastomer Processing</li></span></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;">Environmental record</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: justify; width: 222px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Total_Filling_Station_-_North_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1173435.jpg/220px-Total_Filling_Station_-_North_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1173435.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;"><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></div>A total filling station in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Wetherby</span>, West Yorkshire.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: justify; width: 222px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial;"></span></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In 1998 the Total SA company was fined €375,000 for an oil spill that stretched 400 kilometers from <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">La Rochelle</span> to the western tip of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Brittany</span>. The company was only fined that amount because they were only partially liable because Total SA did not own the ship. The plaintiffs had sought more than $1.5 billion in damages. More than 100 groups and local governments joined in the suit. The Total company was fined just over $298,000,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><strong class="selflink">contradictory</strong></i>]</sup> The majority of the money will go to the French government, several environmental groups, and various regional governments. The Total SA company was also fined $550,000 for the amount of marine pollution that came from it. After the oil spill they tried to restore their image and have opened a sea turtle conservation project in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Masirah</span> in recent years.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Prior to the verdict in which Total was found guilty one of the counterparts in the incident, Malta Maritime Authority (MMA), was not to be tried for having any hand in the incident. In 2005 Total submitted a report to the Paris courts which stated that Total had gotten a group of experts that stated the tanker had corrosion on it and that Total was responsible for it. The courts sought a second expert reviewing of this information which was turned down.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">The <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">AZF</span> chemical plant which exploded in 2001 in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Toulouse</span>, France, belonged to the <i>Grande Paroisse</i> branch of Total.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">On 16 January 2008, Total was required to compensate all of the victims of the pollution caused by the sinking of the ship <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Erika</span>. They are required to compensate the victims in the amount of €192 million. This is in addition to the €200 million that Total spent to help clean up the spill. The company feels that the verdict is unfair because it wasn't their fault the ship sank. They will be appealing the verdict because it forced the users of the ship to also be the inspectors and not the people that made the ship.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">On 13 August 2007, Total announced a lower fuel emission, lower emissions and cost-efficient petroleum product, named <i>Evolution</i>. Evolution is designed to let its user use less fuel and get further than other fuels. The product was developed exclusively for Total because of the demand for more energy efficient products. This fuel can be used with any engine that runs on unleaded.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_and_nuclear_power">Renewable and nuclear power</span></h2><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/0708-wires-oilsands/8283365-1-eng-US/0708-wires-oilsands_full_600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/0708-wires-oilsands/8283365-1-eng-US/0708-wires-oilsands_full_600.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Total announced in 2007 that they are exploring the possibilities of entering the nuclear power sector. Although they already own one per cent of Areva, the largest nuclear business in the world Total does not currently have extensive involvement in nuclear power. However, in January 2008 Total announced that they were to sign an agreement with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Suez</span> and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Areva</span> to submit a nuclear power plant project to the authorities in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">United Arab Emirates</span>.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">On 29 April 2011, Total agreed to buy 60% of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">photovoltaics</span> company <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">SunPower</span> for US$1.38 billion.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Myanmar_investments">Myanmar investments</span></h3><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jRjHq5NPv4E/TDT9wtMkNkI/AAAAAAAAz7Y/w3nuRqtU3iw/ENERFRE%252520-%252520TOTAL%25252C%252520SA%252520Headquarters%25252C%252520La%252520Defensa%252520%252528Paris%252529%25252C%252520France%25253B%252520European%252520Union%252520%252528EU%252529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jRjHq5NPv4E/TDT9wtMkNkI/AAAAAAAAz7Y/w3nuRqtU3iw/ENERFRE%252520-%252520TOTAL%25252C%252520SA%252520Headquarters%25252C%252520La%252520Defensa%252520%252528Paris%252529%25252C%252520France%25253B%252520European%252520Union%252520%252528EU%252529.JPG" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Total, S.A. Headquarters,La Defensa Paris,France</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Despite the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">European Union's</span> sanctions against the military dictatorship <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Myanmar</span>, Total is able to operate the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Yadana natural gas pipeline</span>from Burma to Thailand. Total is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of the country's civilian slavery to construct the pipeline. The documentary 'Total Denial' shows the background of this project.The NGO <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Burma Campaign UK</span> is currently campaigning against this project.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Italian_bribes">Italian bribes</span></h3><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">On 16 December 2008, the managing director of the Italian division of Total Lionel Levha, along with ten other executives, was arrested by the Public Prosecutor’s Office of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Potenza, Italy</span>, for a corruption charge of €15 million to undertake the oilfield in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Basilicata</span> on contract. Also arrested was the local deputy of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Partito Democratico</span> Salvatore Margiotta and an Italian entrepreneur.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="UN_Oil-for-Food_Programme_for_Iraq">UN Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq</span></h3><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In April 2010, Total was accused of bribing Iraqi officials during former dictator Saddam Hussein's regime to secure oil supplies. A United Nations report later revealed that Iraqi officials had received bribes from oil companies to secure contracts worth over $10bn (£6.5bn).</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Investments_in_Iran">Investments in Iran</span></h3><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Total has been a significant investor in the Iranian energy sector since 1990. Total is suspected of concealing the source of its oil imports from Iran. On 28 June 2010 Total announced that it would cease shipments of oil products to Iran following adoption by the United States of economic sanctions against the country.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Sahara_oil_exploration">Western Sahara oil exploration</span></h3><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">In October 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Dakhla</span>), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d’Exploitations Petrolières" (ONAREP). In January 2002, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Hans Corell</span> (the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs) stated in a letter to the President of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Security Council</span> that whenever the contracts are only for exploration they're not illegal, but if further exploration or exploitation are against the interests and wishes of the people of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Western Sahara</span>, they would be in violation of the principles of international law. Finally, Total decided did not renew their license off Western Sahara.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Head_office">Head office</span></h2><div style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/content/2827/Screen%20Shot%202011-10-03%20at%2012_59_15%20PM_550x300.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/content/2827/Screen%20Shot%202011-10-03%20at%2012_59_15%20PM_550x300.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13px;">The company has its head office in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Tour Total</span> in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">La Défense</span> district in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Courbevoie</span>, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">France</span>, near <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Paris</span>.The building was originally constructed between 1983 and 1985 for <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Elf Aquitaine</span>; Total SA acquired the building after its merger with Elf in 2000.</div><b>Source;;Wikipedia.</b></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-16758583326044335352011-10-05T02:53:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:07.062-08:00Top 20 (Twenty) Best Companies By Revenue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">List of companies by revenue ( Assets )Sorted out 1st Rank than Company name than primary buisness than Revenue than Headquarters than name of CEO,compensation.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><pre style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 25px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rank 1:-</span></b><br /> Walmart Retailing<br /> $418.952<br /> Bentonville, Arkansas, United States<br /> Mike Duke,<br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rank 2:-</span></b><br /> ExxonMobil Oil and gas<br /> $370.125<br /> Texas, United States<br /> Rex W. Tillerson<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 3:-</b></span><br /> Royal Dutch Shell Oil and gas<br /> $368.056<br /> Netherlands and London, United Kingdom<br /> Peter Voser<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 4:-</b></span><br /> BP Oil and gas<br /> $297.107<br /> London, England, United Kingdom<br /> Robert Dudley<br /><br />Rank 5:-<br /> Sinopec Oil and gas<br /> $289.774<br /> Beijing, China<br /> Jiming Wang<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 6:-</b></span><br /> PetroChina Oil and gas<br /> $221.955<br /> Beijing, China<br /> Zhou Jiping<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 7:-</b></span><br /> Total S.A. Oil and gas<br /> $212.815<br /> Courbevoie, Île-de-France, France<br /> Christophe de Margerie<br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rank 8:-</span></b><br /> Chevron Oil and gas<br /> $204.928<br /> San Ramon, California, United States<br /> David J. O'Reilly<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 9:-</b></span><br /> Toyota Motors<br /> Automotive $203.687<br /> Toyota, Aichi, Japan<br /> Fujio Cho<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 10:-</b></span><br /> Japan Post Holdings Conglomerate<br /> $200.995<br /> Government-owned Tokyo, Japan<br /> Jiro Saito<br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rank 11:-</span></b><br /> ConocoPhillips Oil and gas<br /> $198.655<br /> Houston, Texas, United States<br /> James Mulva<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 12:-</b></span><br /> Vitol Raw material<br /> $195.0<br /> Private Rotterdam, Netherlands and Geneva, Switzerland -<br /> Shared<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 13:-</b></span><br /> State Grid Corporation of China Electricity<br /> $184.561 Government-owned<br /> Beijing, China Liu<br /> Zhenya<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 14:-</b></span><br /> Saudi Aramco Oil and gas<br /> $182.369<br /> Government-owned Dhahran, Saudi Arabia<br /> Khalid A. Al-Falih<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 15:-</b></span><br /> Samsung Electronics Conglomerate<br /> $172.500 Samsung<br /> Town, Seoul, South Korea<br /> Lee Kun-hee<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 16:-</b></span><br /> Volkswagen Group Automotive<br /> $169.53 Wolfsburg,<br /> Lower Saxony, Germany<br /> Martin Winterkorn<br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rank 17:-</span></b><br /> General Electric Conglomerate<br /> $150.211<br /> Fairfield, Connecticut, United States<br /> Jeffrey Immelt<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 18:-</b></span><br /> Glencore International Raw materials<br /> $144.978<br /> Private Baar, Switzerland<br /> Ivan Glasenberg<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 19:-</b></span><br /> Allianz Financial services<br /> $142.24<br /> Munich, Bavaria, Germany<br /> Michael Diekmann<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Rank 20:-</b></span><br /> ING Group Financial services<br /> $140.729<br /> Amsterdam, Netherlands<br /> Shared</span></pre><pre style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 25px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Source;;atoplists.com</b></span></pre></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-63098719417700828292011-09-27T05:43:00.001-07:002011-09-27T05:43:14.065-07:00Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-77404267067108632582011-09-25T04:37:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:07.161-08:00Chamba Himachal Pradesh,India -Information and Photos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br /><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chamba_from_across_the_river,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg/250px-Chamba_from_across_the_river,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chamba_from_across_the_river,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg/250px-Chamba_from_across_the_river,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b>Chamba</b> (<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Hindi</span>:chamba) is an ancient town in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Chamba district</span> in the state of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Himachal Pradesh</span>, in northern <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">India</span>. According to the 2001 <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Indian census</span>, Chamba has a population of 38,312 people. Located at an altitude of 996 metres (3,268 ft) above mean sea level, the town is situated on the banks of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Ravi River</span> (a major tributary of the Trans-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">HimalayanIndus River</span>), at its confluence with the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Sal River</span>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC, the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty, starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD, ruling from the ancient capital of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Bharmour</span>, which is located 75 kilometres (47 mi) from the town of Chamba.In 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahil Verma) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba, following the specific request of his daughter Champavati (Chamba was named after her). From the time of Raju Maru, 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Indian Union</span> in April 1948, although Chamba was under <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">British</span> suzerainty from 1846 to this time.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em;">The town has a large number of temples and palaces,and hosts two popular jatras (fairs), the "Suhi Mata Mela" and the "Minjar Mela", which last for several days and involve music and dancing. Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts, particularly its <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">Pahari paintings</span>, which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial;">North India</span> between the 17th and 19th century and its handicrafts and textiles.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><b>Chamba Himachal Pradesh,India -Information and Photos</b></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG/220px-RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG/220px-RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Ravi River flowing through Chamba</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chamba_mountains.jpg/320px-Chamba_mountains.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chamba_mountains.jpg/320px-Chamba_mountains.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chamba2.jpg/250px-Chamba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chamba2.jpg/250px-Chamba2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">View of Chamba Town</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gopal_Singh,_Raja_of_Chamba_(ruled_1870-1873)..jpg/200px-Gopal_Singh,_Raja_of_Chamba_(ruled_1870-1873)..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gopal_Singh,_Raja_of_Chamba_(ruled_1870-1873)..jpg/200px-Gopal_Singh,_Raja_of_Chamba_(ruled_1870-1873)..jpg" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870-1873)</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chamba_Temples.jpg/200px-Chamba_Temples.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chamba_Temples.jpg/200px-Chamba_Temples.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Laxmi Narayan temple in Chamba</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chamba5.jpg/800px-Chamba5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chamba5.jpg/800px-Chamba5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Chamba, Himachal Pradesh</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chumba._Bazar_&_Temples..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="326" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Chumba._Bazar_&_Temples..jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Chumba. Bazar & Temples in 1860</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Akhand_Chandi_Palace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="382" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Akhand_Chandi_Palace.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Chamba, Himachal Pradesh in 2009</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Chamba_Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Chamba_Bridge.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Chamba from across the river, Himachal Pradesh.</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Chaugan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Chaugan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">View of Chaugan at Chamba</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chamba4.jpg/800px-Chamba4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Chamba4.jpg/800px-Chamba4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bhuri Singh Museum. Chamba, Himachal Pradesh</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Varaha_avtar,_killing_a_demon_to_protect_Bhu,_c1740.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Varaha_avtar,_killing_a_demon_to_protect_Bhu,_c1740.jpg" width="475" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"></span><br /><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Description =</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">Varaha avtar of Vishnu, killing a demon to protect the Earth, and the earth goddess, Bhu or Bhu devi, which he lifts on his tusks above the black ocean. c1740.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">gouache on paper. probably Chamba, Pahari region, north India.( <b>Date;c1740)</b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Shiva_family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Shiva_family.jpg" width="465" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"><b>Pahari painting of Chamba dated 1800– depicts godShiva’s Family on the March.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chamba3.jpg/800px-Chamba3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chamba3.jpg/800px-Chamba3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Chaugan in Chamba, where fairs are held</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.himachalspider.com/pictures/gallery/639-Photo-of-Bridge-on-Budhil-RiverManimahesh-LakeChambaHimachal-Pradesh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://www.himachalspider.com/pictures/gallery/639-Photo-of-Bridge-on-Budhil-RiverManimahesh-LakeChambaHimachal-Pradesh.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Bridge on Budhil River Manimahesh Lake Chamba Himachal Pradesh</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.indiabuzzing.com/wp-content/uploads/chamba-himachal-pradesh.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.indiabuzzing.com/wp-content/uploads/chamba-himachal-pradesh.gif" width="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">chamba himachal pradesh map</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-72587866197848435532011-09-25T04:07:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:07.260-08:00Top Ten Most Rainiest Places in the world<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px;"></span><br /><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>1# Crkvica, Bosnia and Herzegovina</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.travelpod.com/tripwow/photos/ta-00c1-3e8e-fb8a/crkva-u-masarikovoj-ulici-bijeljina-bosnia-and-herzegovina+1152_12925132621-tpfil02aw-3555.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="http://images.travelpod.com/tripwow/photos/ta-00c1-3e8e-fb8a/crkva-u-masarikovoj-ulici-bijeljina-bosnia-and-herzegovina+1152_12925132621-tpfil02aw-3555.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Although the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina is devoid of coastline, save for a scant shore of the Adriatic, it nonetheless receives a fair amount of rain, most notably in Crkvica. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.indiatimes.com/photo/6063594.cms" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="361" src="http://www.indiatimes.com/photo/6063594.cms" width="400" /></a></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">The town in Bosnia, just northwest of Sarajevo, consistently receives the highest annual average precipitation in Europe. So much for London’s reputation.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2# Henderson Lake, British Colombia, Canada</span></u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.globalairphotos.com/images/bc/port_alberni/2002/pat2002_038.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.globalairphotos.com/images/bc/port_alberni/2002/pat2002_038.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">People who live outside of British Columbia in Canada, especially those in Toronto and Montreal, where long winters are the norm, love to chide residents of the province for their temperate but rainy climate. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://highlandersx.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/henderson-lake.jpg?w=500&h=332" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://highlandersx.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/henderson-lake.jpg?w=500&h=332" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">There is no small amount of jealousy behind the tactic, because not only is Vancouver – the main city in British Columbia – a beautiful place to live, it also happens to be the only place in Canada where one can golf in February. However, the rain is not just a cliche here, but a meteorological reality. Just ask residents of Henderson Lake.</div><div style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Stay dry in beautiful Vancouver with a great hotel deal.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial;"><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>3# Andagoya, Colombia</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">We seldom think of Colombia as a country so pluvial but it does in fact have several climactic challenges that pose real threats. In fact, the country is a world rarity, in that it belongs to a select few with a classification as <em>megadiverse</em>. This superpower-like designation insinuates that Colombia, because of geographic position, has crazy weather fluctuations. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://highlandersx.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/andagoya-colombia1.jpg?w=500&h=373" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="http://highlandersx.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/andagoya-colombia1.jpg?w=500&h=373" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Indeed, with five natural regions that include high mountains, tropical deserts and steppes, the rainy season here is notorious. The town of Andagoya, with a position smack dab on the thermal equator, has a temperature that rarely shifts more than a few degrees from month to month and in turn, receives torrents of rain.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>4# Bellenden Ker, Queensland, Australia</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.planbooktravel.com.au/businesses/qld/bellenden-ker/accommodation/misty-mountains-rainforest-retreat/9013463_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://www.planbooktravel.com.au/businesses/qld/bellenden-ker/accommodation/misty-mountains-rainforest-retreat/9013463_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Another megadiverse country, perhaps more so than any other on the planet, is Australia. With desert, mountains, ocean and tropical rainforests, the country continent is unlike any other. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">The area of Bellenden Ker and indeed, the mountain of the same name, is a World Heritage Rainforest zone. A short drive from the city of Cairns, the region is lush, rife with exotic plant and animal life and indeed a victim of mass precipitation.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>5# Quibdo, Colombia</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.globosapiens.net/data/gallery/co/pictures_468/colombia--choco--47835.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="http://www.globosapiens.net/data/gallery/co/pictures_468/colombia--choco--47835.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Colombia proves to be wet all over once again with the town of Quibdo. Over 100,000 people live in the capital of the Choco Department, as the national divisions are known as. On the border of Panama and indeed, the gateway between South and Central America, the department and town receive some of the most zany weather in Colombia. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Unfortunate because in addition – or perhaps because of which – Quidibo has some of the worst social conditions and economic track records in the country. In point of fact, despite record rainfall every year, the lowland town still manages to suffer from water shortages.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>6# Debundscha, Cameroon</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cameroon-invest.com/images_layout_caic/1908609-Mile-8-beach-Limbe-Cameroon-0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://www.cameroon-invest.com/images_layout_caic/1908609-Mile-8-beach-Limbe-Cameroon-0.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Cameroon has a reputation for being one of the most exotic and beautiful nations in Africa. Indeed, it encompasses the principal features of the continent on a small scale, with hyper diversity in a region about the size of California. As a result of course, parts of Cameroon receive super heavy rainfall. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">This tends to be the case when you have ocean coastline, tropical forests, grasslands, deserts and mountains within close proximity to each other. At the base of Mount Cameroon and within plain view of the Bight of Biafra, Debundscha receives over 400 inches of rain a year.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong>7# Cherrapunji, India</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/885930.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/885930.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Another region with rainfall levels well above 400 inches, Cherrapunji shares another notorious distinction with other wet areas. In utter bewilderment and stark contrast to the weather, the town in the state of Meghalya confronts epic water shortage problems. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Geography conspires to make Cherrapunji so wet and also devoid of potable water by the same token. At the confluence of the Kashi Hills and Bay of Bengal, the town receives both north and south monsoon showers that pound the area in a flash, only to flood down the plains of Bangladesh. No suprise then that Cherrapunji holds the record for most rainfall in one year at over 900 inches back in 1860-61.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>8# Mount Waialeale, Kauai, Hawaii, United States of America</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jonastonboe.com/Travel/Hawaii/i-47vQ7QP/0/L/IMG6387-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://www.jonastonboe.com/Travel/Hawaii/i-47vQ7QP/0/L/IMG6387-L.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Although not exactly a residential area, the region around Mount Waialeale and indeed the summit, receives a ton of precipitation on a habitual basis. Tourism officials in Hawaii love to boast that this is the wettest place on the planet, although some in India and Colombia take issue with the claim. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1760/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1760-3654.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1760/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1760-3654.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Whatever the case may be, the rainfall in Kauai is notable for the fact that it occurs with such daily regularity. Mount Waialeale bears the brunt of the precipitation because of a conical shape and pure geographical position relative to the ocean and trade winds. Although open to tourism, there are obvious physical impediments here due to the amount of rain that falls every day. In other words, the ground is super wet.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>9# Mawsynram, India</u></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.travelvista.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Mawsynram-Meghalaya-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://www.travelvista.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Mawsynram-Meghalaya-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Another village in the Kashi Hills in the state of Meghalya, Mawsynram proves once again that India is a complex and diverse country. A quick drive from Cherrapunji, the town records indicate more annual rainfall, although disputes about data accuracy have been rife as both regions fight for rainfall supremacy. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain8.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">Whatever the case may be, Mawsynram appears to have a more favorable – or is that cursed? – position in terms of proximity to the Bay of Bengal and steep incline of the Kashi Hills, which allows humid, moist air to ascend and in turn, blanket the area with rain.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><u>10# Lloro, Colombia</u></strong></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijc_YD8UZBLZrj60N82g5gBWepD39jZN1uhJRxQgpPb-tEekdOfmHy-F37do-lBOUg8wx0i6lqhlctPU-Fc-X_gZcDELQ0ve2pO6CBLLtCl9-FMGZ9el78sc7T88b_g2nLXvA6uBAzvPNq/s320/lloro-colombia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijc_YD8UZBLZrj60N82g5gBWepD39jZN1uhJRxQgpPb-tEekdOfmHy-F37do-lBOUg8wx0i6lqhlctPU-Fc-X_gZcDELQ0ve2pO6CBLLtCl9-FMGZ9el78sc7T88b_g2nLXvA6uBAzvPNq/s400/lloro-colombia.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Lloro, Colombia-</strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px;"><div style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">The town and municipality of Lloro is another area within the Choco Department of Colombia prone to rain. A lot of rain. With coastlines on the Pacific and Caribbean, unique in the country, the area is an ecological freak of sorts and as a result, the victim of zany phenomena. Average annual precipitation in the town of Lloro is 523.6 inches, which ranks it first in terms of wet world zones. With over 7,000 inhabitants, one has to wonder how people here cope with almost 1.5 inches of rain a day.</div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2009/08/108593,xcitefun-lloro-colombia-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://img.xcitefun.net/users/2009/08/108593,xcitefun-lloro-colombia-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><b>Lloro Colombia</b> Wettest Place on Earth Most Rain Fall</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-55990497363029436602011-09-25T03:42:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:07.358-08:00Cherrapunji - The Rainiest Place On Earth, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/76/767/787/767873_370.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/76/767/787/767873_370.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;"><b>Cherrapunji - The Rainiest Place On Earth, India</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.iitg.ac.in/hmtc/asme_figures/kaji.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="303" src="http://www.iitg.ac.in/hmtc/asme_figures/kaji.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 15px;">Shillong, Cherapunzi (<b>rainiest place</b> on <b>the</b>Earth) , Kajiranga National Park</span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.extremescience.com/images/map-of-cherrapunji.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="http://www.extremescience.com/images/map-of-cherrapunji.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map Of Cherrapunjee- The Raniest place In the World</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700;">Cherrapunjee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">1300 m above sea level, known all over the world as the rainiest place on the planet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">Cherrapunjee is 160 km from Guwahati.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://travel.sulekha.com/india/meghalaya/cherrapunji/photos//cherrapunjee-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://travel.sulekha.com/india/meghalaya/cherrapunji/photos//cherrapunjee-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;"><b>Cherrapunji - The Rainiest Place On Earth, India</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="297" src="http://blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/rain3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;"><b>Cherrapunji - The Rainiest Place On Earth, India</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cookiesound.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Cherrapunji-india-600x424.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://www.cookiesound.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Cherrapunji-india-600x424.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0429688); color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 200; line-height: 24px;">The dampest place on earth lies in the state Meghalaya in the Northeast of India. It’s also known as “<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Abode of Clouds</strong><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">”. </em>The moist-warm air, which is blown across during the Monsoon from the Bay of Bengal, ascends over the Khasi hills. The clouds grow stronger and then it rains…and rains…and rains. The world record of rainfall per year (from 1952 – 1962) was measured in the village Mawsynram. Averagely 13.108 liters/m² fall here each year and therefore hold the title of “wettest place on earth”. New measures near the city Cherrapunji (the second wettest place on earth) show a similar amount of rain.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-570238832178504621.post-77535980324975936612011-09-20T01:29:00.000-07:002012-01-21T05:08:07.452-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/digilib/transport/images/continents.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="220" src="http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/digilib/transport/images/continents.gif" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nationsonline.org/maps/continents_map_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="202" src="http://www.nationsonline.org/maps/continents_map_sm.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.freeworldmaps.net/continents/7continents.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="280" src="http://www.freeworldmaps.net/continents/7continents.gif" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.localization-translation.com/images/maps/map-localization-world-continents.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="246" src="http://www.localization-translation.com/images/maps/map-localization-world-continents.gif" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nationsonline.org/maps/physical_world_map_600px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="202" src="http://www.nationsonline.org/maps/physical_world_map_600px.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents--Physical Map of World</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.interkart.de/images/world.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" height="257" src="http://www.interkart.de/images/world.jpg" width="400" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of Continents and Countries</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">A continent is one of the main large land masses on Earth. Since the shape of the Earth`s land mass is not simple, continents are not identified by any strict criteria but rather by conventional classification. Some pieces of land, of course, are not attached to any major <strong>continental land mass </strong>but they are categorized as part of nearby continents. Therefore Iceland is considered part of Europe, Madagascar is part of Africa, Japan and Phillipines are in Asia, etc.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The region of Oceania is largely considered to be part of the continent of Australia, while the Malay archipelago is considered part of Asia. These classifications, however are far from being simple or universal.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com